Impact of social defeat on NF-KB p-65 activation in liver: A study in C57BL/6J male mice

An increase in mood and anxiety disorders causes a demand to invent new medications and treatment strategies to reduce neuroinflammation in the brain and liver. The drug of interest, B-funaltrexamine (B-FNA) has shown to reduce jauntiness behavior in mice from a previous experiment. We currently are determining if Social Stress increases when a different strain or the same strain of mouse is introduced into the community of mice. This project, Repeated Social Defeat (RSD) has 2 test groups, Single Bout of Social Defeat and RSD to analyze different stress levels through NF-kB p65 Activation levels. This activation level was determined by using Western Blot Analysis. The Results of this experiment showed that the community of mice had increased stress levels regardless of the strain of mice. This experiment will be a footstep for the upcoming implementation of B-FNA as a therapeutic drug

Stretching of polymers around the Kolmogorov scale in a turbulent shear flow

We present numerical studies of stretching of Hookean dumbbells in a turbulent Navier-Stokes flow with a linear mean profile, =Sy. In addition to the turbulence features beyond the viscous Kolmogorov scale \eta, the dynamics at the equilibrium extension of the dumbbells significantly below eta is well resolved. The variation of the constant shear rate S causes a change of the turbulent velocity fluctuations on all scales and thus of the intensity of local stretching rate of the advecting flow. The latter is measured by the maximum Lyapunov exponent lambda_1 which is found to increase as \lambda_1 ~ S^{3/2}, in agreement with a dimensional argument. The ensemble of up to 2 times 10^6 passively advected dumbbells is advanced by Brownian dynamics simulations in combination with a pseudospectral integration for the turbulent shear flow. Anisotropy of stretching is quantified by the statistics of the azimuthal angle $\phi$ which measures the alignment with the mean flow axis in the x-y shear plane, and the polar angle theta which determines the orientation with respect to the shear plane. The asymmetry of the probability density function (PDF) of phi increases with growing shear rate S. Furthermore, the PDF becomes increasingly peaked around mean flow direction (phi= 0). In contrast, the PDF of the polar angle theta is symmetric and less sensitive to changes of S.Comment: 16 pages, 14 Postscript figures (2 with reduced quality

Morphometric analysis of mandibular notch in dry human mandibles- A surgeon's guide to the masseteric nerve block

Background: The mandibular notch allows passage of masseteric vessels and nerve to the deep aspect of the masseteric muscle. The existing data gives a fairer idea in locating the masseteric nerve but does not consider much of the various shapes and sizes of the masseteric notch into account. Hence the present study analyses the various size and shapes and depths of the mandibular notch to achieve a more accurate method for masseteric nerve block. Thus, this investigation intends to examine the morphology and morphometry of mandibular notch in the mandibles of the South Indian people. Methods: The morphometric parameters of the mandibular notch were examined in 102 dry mandibles of the peoples of South Indian. The morphometric parameters were estimated by a digital vernier caliper and data was analyzed statistically. Results: The results of this study showed a round-shaped mandibular notch to be the most frequent type on the right side (43.1%) whereas it was 25.5% on the left side. The length and depth from gonion to notch showed a substantial variance between right and left bone (p=0.41), (p= 0.43) respectively, but with respect to width of the notch no significant difference was observed. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that population specific and side-specific variations may be present in the mandibular notch measurements. Knowledge on variations in incisura mandibularis is of significance in maxillofacial surgeries and reconstructive operations. Keywords: Mandibular notch, masseteric vessels, masseteric nerve block, morphometr

Statistical Properties of Turbulence: An Overview

We present an introductory overview of several challenging problems in the statistical characterisation of turbulence. We provide examples from fluid turbulence in three and two dimensions, from the turbulent advection of passive scalars, turbulence in the one-dimensional Burgers equation, and fluid turbulence in the presence of polymer additives.Comment: 34 pages, 31 figure

The GPR55 agonist lysophosphatidylinositol acts as an intracellular messenger and bidirectionally modulates Ca2+-activated large-conductance K+ channels in endothelial cells

Lysophospholipids are known to serve as intra- and extracellular messengers affecting many physiological processes. Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), which is produced in endothelial cells, acts as an endogenous agonist of the orphan receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55). Stimulation of GPR55 by LPI evokes an intracellular Ca2+ rise in several cell types including endothelial cells. In this study, we investigated additional direct, receptor-independent effects of LPI on endothelial large-conductance Ca2+ and voltage-gated potassium (BKCa) channels. Electrophysiological experiments in the inside-out configuration revealed that LPI directly affects the BKCa channel gating properties. This effect of LPI strictly depended on the presence of Ca2+ and was concentration-dependent, reversible, and dual in nature. The modulating effects of LPI on endothelial BKCa channels correlated with their initial open probability (Po): stimulation at low Po (<0.3) and inhibition at high Po levels (>0.3). In the whole-cell configuration, LPI in the pipette facilitated membrane hyperpolarization in response to low (0.1–2 μM) histamine concentrations. In contrast, LPI counteracted membrane hyperpolarization in response to supramaximal cell stimulation with histamine. These results highlight a novel receptor-independent and direct bidirectional modulation of BKCa channels by LPI on endothelial cells. We conclude that LPI via this mechanism serves as an important modulator of endothelial electrical responses to cell stimulation

Selective Cholinergic Depletion in Medial Septum Leads to Impaired Long Term Potentiation and Glutamatergic Synaptic Currents in the Hippocampus

Cholinergic depletion in the medial septum (MS) is associated with impaired hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Here we investigated whether long term potentiation (LTP) and synaptic currents, mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the CA1 hippocampal region, are affected following cholinergic lesions of the MS. Stereotaxic intra-medioseptal infusions of a selective immunotoxin, 192-saporin, against cholinergic neurons or sterile saline were made in adult rats. Four days after infusions, hippocampal slices were made and LTP, whole cell, and single channel (AMPA or NMDA receptor) currents were recorded. Results demonstrated impairment in the induction and expression of LTP in lesioned rats. Lesioned rats also showed decreases in synaptic currents from CA1 pyramidal cells and synaptosomal single channels of AMPA and NMDA receptors. Our results suggest that MS cholinergic afferents modulate LTP and glutamatergic currents in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, providing a potential synaptic mechanism for the learning and memory deficits observed in the rodent model of selective MS cholinergic lesioning

Effectiveness of 12 weeks yoga practices on body composition parameters among healthy male college students

Background: The stressful situation may result in obesity, which is linked to a variety of diseases. Aims: The current study sought to determine whether yoga has an effect on body composition reduction. Methods: The current study included 95 (n = 95) healthy male volunteers aged 18-24 years, with 35 (n = 35) volunteers excluded. The remaining 60 volunteers (n = 60) were divided into two groups at random: (a) Yoga Group (n = 30) and (b) Control Group (n = 30). &nbsp;The yoga group received 60 minutes of yoga training per day, six days per week for 12 weeks, while the control group received no yoga training. Body composition parameters were assessed in both groups at baseline, before yoga training (0 week), and after the training (12 weeks). Results: Significant reduction (P &lt; 0.001) in the percentage of body fat; levels were noted in the yoga group after 12 weeks when compared to baseline data (0 week). However, there was no significant difference in height, weight, body mass index, body surface area and lean body mass among the yoga group after 12 weeks when compared to baseline data.&nbsp

Towards

an agent framework for grid computin