Comparing the reliability of barr bodies, palatal rugae and mesio- distal dimension of maxillary canine and central incisors in determination of sex

BACKGROUND: One of the main used of forensic odontology is sex determination in cases where traditional methods are not feasible. Although newer advances including genetic studies form a fool proof methodology. Some times odontometric methods are preferred. Amongst these the mesio-distal dimension of certain teeth and rugae characteristics were widely used .Barr body estimation is yet another method commonly used, most effective method of sex determination . AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the reliability of sex determination methodologies using Barr bodies, palatal rugae & mesio- distal dimension of maxillary canine & central incisors OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To investigate the mesio distal width of maxillary central incisor and maxillary canine from the master cast obtained from both the sex 2. To investigate the rugae pattern in maxillary master cast in both the sex 3. To investigate the presence of Barr bodies from the buccal smear by exfoliative cytology MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this comparative study a sample of 100 individuals (50 males and 50 females) of age group 18-30 yrs were selected from Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kulasekharam. Maxillary impression and buccal smear were collected from each individual. The rugae were classified using Thomas kotze et al 1983 while the mesio-distal width and rugae length are measured on master cast of the impression obtained using digital vernier calliper. The Barr bodies were analysed using oil immersion light microscope. RESULTS: The mesio distal odontometric data showed that maxillary central incisors and maxillary canine showed a significant dimorphism between the sexes. The rugal characteristics proved insignificant in sexual dimorphism. Barr bodies showed a greater significance in both the sexes. On comparing the values with regenerative observational characteristic curve (ROC curve) data Barr bodies have a greater diagnostic accuracy than maxillary central incisor, maxillary canine and the rugae pattern in that order CONCLUSION: In our study, we conclude that Barr bodies are more reliable in determination of sex while the rugae are the least reliable. In our study the diagnostic accuracy of the study was done in a small group of individuals. As these values vary in different population and hereditary factors do found to play a role, larger trials in more cosmopolitan population are necessary to confirm these findings

Overview of immunology of oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy and is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Every year, approximately 500,000 new cases of oral and pharyngeal cancers are diagnosed worldwide, and a majority of these cases are seen in developing countries. OSCC arises as a result of multiple molecular events that develop from the combined influences of an individual's genetic predisposition and exposure to environmental carcinogens. Here, we discuss the course of immunological development involving OSCC. We have reviewed a literature available in Medline and Google databases. We draw attention to possible shortcomings and issues requiring clarification. Emphasis is given to precise immunology involving the OSCC. In this article, we try to approach the immunology of OSCC through a practical approach consideration of common difficulties and dilemmas faced by the oral pathologist, and where possible, we offer guidance and practical tips. The article concludes with a brief consideration of the prognostic value of immunology involving the OSCC

Oral field cancerization and its clinical implications in the management in potentially malignant disorders

Oral cancer is one of the common malignancies reported in India. Most of these cancers are preceded by potentially malignant disorders. Despite improvements in the management strategies of these cancers the posttreatment prognosis has remained poor. The 5-year survival rates of oral cancers in most countries are still below 50%. The poor outcomes in oral cancer prevention and treatment can be due to nature of the spread of genetically altered cells as fields within the epithelial compartment. The conventional management protocols need to be modified taking into consideration the field spread of genetically altered cells

Relationship between the Clinical Frailty Scale and short-term mortality in patients ≥ 80 years old acutely admitted to the ICU: a prospective cohort study

Background: The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is frequently used to measure frailty in critically ill adults. There is wide variation in the approach to analysing the relationship between the CFS score and mortality after admission to the ICU. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of modelling approach on the association between the CFS score and short-term mortality and quantify the prognostic value of frailty in this context. Methods: We analysed data from two multicentre prospective cohort studies which enrolled intensive care unit patients ≥ 80 years old in 26 countries. The primary outcome was mortality within 30-days from admission to the ICU. Logistic regression models for both ICU and 30-day mortality included the CFS score as either a categorical, continuous or dichotomous variable and were adjusted for patient’s age, sex, reason for admission to the ICU, and admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. Results: The median age in the sample of 7487 consecutive patients was 84 years (IQR 81–87). The highest fraction of new prognostic information from frailty in the context of 30-day mortality was observed when the CFS score was treated as either a categorical variable using all original levels of frailty or a nonlinear continuous variable and was equal to 9% using these modelling approaches (p < 0.001). The relationship between the CFS score and mortality was nonlinear (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Knowledge about a patient’s frailty status adds a substantial amount of new prognostic information at the moment of admission to the ICU. Arbitrary simplification of the CFS score into fewer groups than originally intended leads to a loss of information and should be avoided. Trial registration NCT03134807 (VIP1), NCT03370692 (VIP2