Methodology for developing a macro finite element model of lithium‐ion pouch cells for predicting mechanical behaviour under multiple loading conditions

To assist in light weighting of electric vehicles by improving the volumetric and gravimetric energy density and the structural performance of the battery pack, a modelling methodology based on a macro finite element model of a pouch cell has been developed. This model treats the core cell structure as a homogeneous orthotropic honeycomb block with the pouch material being defined as an orthotropic fabric with compressive stress elimination. The model considers five compression and bending load cases simultaneously and allows a level of element discretisation that is computationally efficient and appropriate for inclusion in full vehicle and sub‐system simulations. The methodology is scalable in that it can be applied to a range of chemistries, external geometries and internal cell constructions. When considering stacks of cells, the model is predictive for both lateral compression and three‐point bend, but further work is required to improve the confined compression response

(E)-1,3-Dimethyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one O-(phenoxycarbonyl)oxime

The title piperidine derivative, C26H26N2O3, has an E conformation about the N=C bond. The piperidine ring has a chair conformation and its mean plane is almost perpendicular to the attached phenyl rings, making dihedral angles of 87.47 (9) and 87.34 (8)°. The planes of these two phenyl rings are inclined to one another by 60.38 (9)°. The plane of the terminal phenyl ring is tilted at an angle of 32.79 (9)° to the mean plane of the piperidine ring. The molecular conformation is stabilized by two intramolecular C—H...O contacts. There are no significant intermolecular interactions in the crystal

(E)-3-Methyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one O-(3-methylbenzoyl)oxime

In the title compound, C26H26N2O2, the piperidine ring exhibits a chair conformation. The phenyl rings are attached to the central heterocycle in an equatorial position. The dihedral angle between the planes of the phenyl rings is 57.58 (8)°. In the crystal, C—H...O interactions connect the molecules into zigzag chains along [001]

Crystal structure of (E)-4-(acetoxyimino)-N-allyl-3-isopropyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidine-1-carbothioamide

The title compound, C26H31N3O2S, crystallizes with two molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In each case, the piperidine ring exists in a twist-boat conformation. The dihedral angle between the phenyl rings is 46.16 (12)° in molecule A and 44.95 (12)° in molecule B. In both molecules, the allyl side chain is disordered over two orientations in a 0.649 (9):0.351 (9) ratio for molecule A and 0.826 (10):0.174 (10) ratio for molecule B. In the crystal, neither molecule forms a hydrogen bond from its N—H group, presumably due to steric hindrance. A+A and B+B inversion dimers are formed, linked by pairs of weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds enclosing R22(22) ring motifs

Mean unadjusted carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (m/s) by 20 km distance intervals stratified by cardiovascular disease risk factors and sex.

<p>Lines with lighter symbols and triangle markers represent males and lines with darker symbols and square markers represent females. Solid lines represent groups that have higher levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors (e.g., older, smokers, or higher body mass index) while dashed lines represent groups that have lower levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors. HTN = hypertension; BMI = body mass index; LDL = low density lipoprotein. All tests for trends have p < 0.001 except those indicated by * (p < 0.05 but ≥ 0.001) or ** (p > 0.05).</p

Urbanization as a risk factor for aortic stiffness in a cohort in India

<div><p>Urbanization is associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Aortic stiffness, as measured by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is a validated predictor of cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to determine the association between urbanization and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. The analysis included 6166 participants enrolled in an ongoing population-based study (mean age 42 years; 58% female) who live in an 80 × 80 km region of southern India. Multiple measures of urbanization were used and compared: 1) census designations, 2) satellite derived land cover (crops, grass, shrubs or trees as rural; built-up areas as urban), and 3) distance categories based on proximity to an urban center. The association between urbanization and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was tested in sex-stratified linear regression models. People residing in urban areas had significantly (p < 0.05) elevated mean carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity compared to non-urban populations after adjustment for other risk factors. There was also an inverse association between distance from the urban center and mean carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity: each 10 km increase in distance was associated with a decrease in mean carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity of 0.07 m/s (95% CI: -0.09, -0.06 m/s). The association was stronger among older participants, among smokers, and among those with other cardiovascular risk factors. Further research is needed to determine which components in the urban environment are associated with higher carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.</p></div

Association between distance in kilometers from urban center and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (m/s).

<p>Association between distance in kilometers from urban center and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (m/s).</p

Census designation and land cover classification for mean carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) by sex.

<p>Bars represent the standard deviation. For census designation, mean cfPWV is shown for urban/semi-urban and rural areas. For land cover classification, mean cfPWV is shown for urban areas, areas with grass/trees, and areas with crops. For all census and land cover comparisons, mean cfPWV is significantly (p < 0.05) higher in men than women. Mean cfPWV is significantly higher for men and women in urban areas than in rural areas as designated by the census or in areas with crops as designated by land cover. Mean cfPWV is also significantly higher for men in areas with grass/trees than in areas with crops.</p