Influence of tin doped TiO2 nanorods on dye sensitized solar cells

The one-step hydrothermal method was used to synthesize Sn-doped TiO2 (Sn-TiO2) thin films, in which the variation in Sn content ranged from 0 to 7-wt % and, further, its influence on the performance of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoanode was studied. The deposited samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, which confirmed the existence of the rutile phase of the synthesized samples with crystallite size ranges in between 20.1 to 22.3 nm. In addition, the bare and Sn-TiO2 thin films showed nanorod morphology. A reduction in the optical band gap from 2.78 to 2.62 eV was observed with increasing Sn content. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed Sn4+ was successfully replaced at the Ti4+ site. The 3-wt % Sn-TiO2 based DSSC showed the optimum efficiency of 4.01%, which was superior to 0.87% of bare and other doping concentrations of Sn-TiO2 based DSSCs. The present work reflects Sn-TiO2 as an advancing material with excellent capabilities, which can be used in photovoltaic energy conversion devices

Optimization for Ethylene Furnace using DeltaV System

Abstract — This paper relates to study of advanced control and optimization of Ethylene furnace by using Model Predictive Control Professional (MPCPro) block of deltaV system and also some efforts are made for Implementation of severity control for part of Ethylene Furnace. Control and optimization of Ethylene Furnace is designed for MPCPro block, built in deltaV control studio. This software package consist of large number of control modules. Model of severity control for process zone-2 is developed for process with regulatory loops and this model is further used in MPCPro block of deltaV system. Control is generated using new control definition and then we verify the performance of process for PID control and for MPC at supervisory level with regulatory loops. The objective behind using MPC is there are 4 main challenges to restrict the process for maximum formation of ethylene are short residence time, controlled pressure, controlled temperature, steam to hydrocarbon ratio. The process is also get affected by the disturbances like Fuel BTU, Feed inlet temperature these issues are get registered while using MP

Osmotic and activity coefficient studies on the aqueous solutions of tetramethylurea at 298.15 K

1804-1811The osmotic coefficients and densities of good precision of aqueous solutions of tetramethylurea (TMU) in the concentration range 0.1 to 8.0 m at 298.15 K have been experimentally determined and the data used to calculate apparent and partial molar volumes, activities and activity coefficients of water and TMU as a function of concentration of TMU. It has been observed that partial molar volumes of solvent and solute go through a maximum and a minimum, respecti vely, at about 0.055 mole fraction of TMU. The activity coefficient values for H2O increase, while those of TMU decrease with increase in concentration of TMU. These results arc compared with those of aqueous urea solutions and are in agreement with literature values indicating the presence of hydrophobic interactions in H2O -TMU solutions. Excess free energy of mixing of TMU in water has been calculated using activity data at 298.15 K and is found to decrease as a function of TMU concentration in the studied concentration range. The values for the attractive and repulsive contributions to the solute solvent interaction have been estimated and data is compared with other non-electrolytes. Further, applying McMillan-Mayer theory of solutions to the data, osmotic second and third virial coefficients for TMU have been obtained. The values of virial coefficients, on decomposition into attractive and repulsive contributions to solute-solute interactions, indicate that pairwise interaction between TMU molecules and water structure making effect is more prominent than triplet and higher order interactions in the studied concentration range of aqueous-TMU solutions

Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Waste Removal Equipment a Review

This paper focuses more on Automation of Drainage waste removal equipment. There is a problem of blockage of drainage, to overcome this problem automation of the system is necessary. Our concept is to use this in efficient way to removal of solid wastages from water. The system only requires water flow to operate turbine. In this paper we working on improving drainage system of small town by comparatively study of different open drainage system

Genome‑wide association study and expression of candidate genes for Fe and Zn concentration in sorghum grains

Sorghum germplasm showed grain Fe and Zn genetic variability, but a few varieties were biofortified with these minerals. This work contributes to narrowing this gap. Fe and Zn concentrations along with 55,068 high-quality GBS SNP data from 140 sorghum accessions were used in this study. Both micronutrients exhibited good variability with respective ranges of 22.09–52.55 ppm and 17.92–43.16 ppm. Significant marker-trait associations were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, and 5. Two major effect SNPs (S01_72265728 and S05_58213541) explained 35% and 32% of Fe and Zn phenotypic variance, respectively. The SNP S01_72265728 was identified in the cytochrome P450 gene and showed a positive effect on Fe accumulation in the kernel, while S05_58213541 was intergenic near Sobic.005G134800 (zinc-binding ribosomal protein) and showed negative effect on Zn. Tissue-specific in silico expression analysis resulted in higher levels of Sobic.003G350800 gene product in several tissues such as leaf, root, flower, panicle, and stem. Sobic.005G188300 and Sobic.001G463800 were expressed moderately at grain maturity and anthesis in leaf, root, panicle, and seed tissues. The candidate genes expressed in leaves, stems, and grains will be targeted to improve grain and stover quality. The haplotypes identified will be useful in forward genetics breeding

Influence of Tin Doped TiO2 Nanorods on Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

The one-step hydrothermal method was used to synthesize Sn-doped TiO2 (Sn-TiO2) thin films, in which the variation in Sn content ranged from 0 to 7-wt % and, further, its influence on the performance of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoanode was studied. The deposited samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy, which confirmed the existence of the rutile phase of the synthesized samples with crystallite size ranges in between 20.1 to 22.3 nm. In addition, the bare and Sn-TiO2 thin films showed nanorod morphology. A reduction in the optical band gap from 2.78 to 2.62 eV was observed with increasing Sn content. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed Sn4+ was successfully replaced at the Ti4+ site. The 3-wt % Sn-TiO2 based DSSC showed the optimum efficiency of 4.01%, which was superior to 0.87% of bare and other doping concentrations of Sn-TiO2 based DSSCs. The present work reflects Sn-TiO2 as an advancing material with excellent capabilities, which can be used in photovoltaic energy conversion devices