Isolation and identification of phenolic compounds from Eugenia caryophyllus and study on its biological effect against Macrophomina phaseolina

Clove is one of the oldest and most famous spices. Its seeds resemble nails. It is used in medicinal fields, but its fungicidal activity is unknown. The aim of the study was to test the inhibitory activity of phenolic extracts of cloves against the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina.    The research was conducted under laboratory conditions to test the inhibitory ability of Eugenia caryophyllus phenolic extracts on the fungus M. phaseolina, which was partially diagnosed on strawberry plants based on Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, in addition to its morphological and microscopic characteristics. The active compounds present The active compounds (Chlorogenic acid, Qurcetine, Gallic acid, Apigenin, Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, Kaempferol, Rutin, Catechine) present in the extract of Industrial Methylated Spirit (IMS) separated from cloves were determined using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). and active compounds of IMS phenols) Qurcetine, Apigenin, Ferulic acid, Kaempferol. (The inhibitory effect of phenols extracted from E. caryophyllus against M. phaseolina was tested. The results showed that the acetone extract and acetone phenols, which were used at concentrations of 10 and 15 mg/ml in PDA medium, had a significant effect on the growth of the fungus by 100%, as these fungi failed to grow. Formation of spores on Peptone dextrose medium (PDA) medium. While the percentage of inhibition of acetone phenols was 25% at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. As for the IMS extract and IMS phenols, it had a significant effect on the growth of the fungus at all concentrations used, but with different inhibition ratios, which increased directly with increasing concentration of the extract.

Acacia trees on the cultural landscapes of the Red Sea Hills

This paper examines interactions between five pastoral nomadic culture groups of the Egyptian and Sudanese Red Sea Hills and the acacia trees Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp. tortilis and subsp. raddiana growing in their arid environments. A. tortilis is described as a keystone species both ecologically and culturally: the trees play such critical roles in ecosystems and social groups that their removal would greatly impact both systems. Interviews in the field with the Semitic, Arabic-speaking Ma‘aza and Ababda, and the Cushitic, Beja, Bidhaawyeet-speaking Bishaari, Amar Ar and Hadandawa nomads probed the cultural and ecological contexts of acacias in pastoral nomadism, revealing deep insight into traditional ecological knowledge and traditional perceptions and uses of the trees. The paper describes how this knowledge guides pastoral decision-making, with acacias as a particularly critical component of the pastoral livelihood in both normal and stressful circumstances. A. tortilis is the most important reliable vegetation resource for nomads while also providing fuel and other useful products, ecosystem services for people and animals, and increased biodiversity by providing diverse microhabitats and resources for other species. We describe aspects of kinship, territorial organization, spiritual beliefs and tribal law underlying the significance of trees on the cultural landscape. We discuss environmental and economic challenges to human/tree relationships and to pastoral livelihoods. We challenge views of nomads as agents of ecological destruction, and propose maintenance and restoration of traditional pastoralism as viable alternatives in dryland development

Multiple-Quantum NMR Spectra of Partially Oriented Indene: A New Approach to Estimating Order in a Nematic Phase

Multiple-quantum proton NMR spectra of the 8-spin system of indene partially oriented in a nematic mesophase were acquired using a magnetic field gradient (MFG) method. Six-, seven- and eight-quantum spectra were solved to yield all intramolecular dipolar couplings (Dij) which were used to determine the molecular shape. The spectral widths of multiple-quantum spectra are dependent on molecular orientation and geometry and a novel method was developed to estimate the Saupe order parameters from the observed spectral widths of the high-order multiple-quantum spectr

Multiple quantum nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of partially oriented styrene in a nematic phase

Proton multiple-quantum nuclear magnetic resonance (MQNMR) spectra of styrene partially oriented in a nematic liquid crystal were acquired using the magnetic field gradient method. Six-, seven- and eight-quantum spectra were iteratively solved to yield all intramolecular dipolar couplings (Dij) which were used to determine the molecular shape of styrene. The dipolar couplings were fitted to a model averaging between four equivalent non-planar conformations of the molecule. Ignoring vibrational corrections, the analysis was consistent with a non-planar molecular geometry with a dihedral angle of approximately 16 degrees between the olefinic fragment and the aromatic ring

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-GB">Intermolecular interaction in the benzene-Ar_n and benzene dimer van der Waals complexes: DFT analysis of the charge distribution and electric response properties</span>

19-27The performance of the DFT/B-97-D and <span style="font-family:Symbol;mso-ascii-font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"times="" roman";letter-spacing:-.1pt;="" mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:symbol"="" lang="EN-GB">wB97-D methods to reproduce the isotropic non-bonded interaction and the electric response properties in the benzene–argon and the π-π interaction in the benzene dimer have been studied. The PES for the interaction of benzene and argon with all possible Arn-benzene (n = 1, 2) conformations has been explored. Results indicate that the <span style="font-family: Symbol;mso-ascii-font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"times="" roman";="" letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:symbol"="" lang="EN-GB">wB97-XD method is capable of reproducing well positions and depths for the studied benzene-Ar and benzene-benzene clusters to a high degree of accuracy and compare well with the experimental and best benchmark calculations. Satisfactory results have also been obtained for the benzene-X (X = He, Ne and Kr) clusters. The features of the charge density distributions of the studied benzene-Ar van der Waal complexes have been analyzed by calculating the dipole and higher multipole moments and the static polarizibility, its anistropic part and the interaction polarizibility. Trends and relationships to the dispersion interaction energy are suggested. Natural bond orbital analyses of the benzene-Arn vdw complexes show clearly that all carbon valence orbitals are over-populated by about 21% at the expense of the hydrogen atoms valence orbitals. These data also indicate that argon behaves as electron donor in the Ar-benzene vdw complex, and hence, the slight positive charge on argon is at on the expense of its valence (non-bonding) p-orbitals. </span

trans-Bis(2,2′-dipyridylamine-κ2N,N′)bis(1,1,3,3-tetracyano-2-ethoxypropenido-κN)copper(II)

The title compound, [Cu(C9H5N4O)2(C10H9N3)2], was synthesized solvothermally. The complex exhibits a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. The CuII atom is located on an inversion centre. The distorted octahedral CuN6 coordination sphere is composed of bidentate 2,2′-dipyridylamine in the equatorial sites while the axial sites are occupied by 1,1,3,3-tetracyano-2-ethoxypropenide ligands. In the crystal, N—H...N hydrogen bonding results in chains parallel to [010]