Persistent activation of interlinked type 2 airway epithelial gene networks in sputum-derived cells from aeroallergen-sensitized symptomatic asthmatics

© 2018 The Author(s). Atopic asthma is a persistent disease characterized by intermittent wheeze and progressive loss of lung function. The disease is thought to be driven primarily by chronic aeroallergen-induced type 2-associated inflammation. However, the vast majority of atopics do not develop asthma despite ongoing aeroallergen exposure, suggesting additional mechanisms operate in conjunction with type 2 immunity to drive asthma pathogenesis. We employed RNA-Seq profiling of sputum-derived cells to identify gene networks operative at baseline in house dust mite-sensitized (HDM S ) subjects with/without wheezing history that are characteristic of the ongoing asthmatic state. The expression of type 2 effectors (IL-5, IL-13) was equivalent in both cohorts of subjects. However, in HDM S -wheezers they were associated with upregulation of two coexpression modules comprising multiple type 2- and epithelial-associated genes. The first module was interlinked by the hubs EGFR, ERBB2, CDH1 and IL-13. The second module was associated with CDHR3 and mucociliary clearance genes. Our findings provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms operative at baseline in the airway mucosa in atopic asthmatics undergoing natural aeroallergen exposure, and suggest that susceptibility to asthma amongst these subjects involves complex interactions between type 2- and epithelial-associated gene networks, which are not operative in equivalently sensitized/exposed atopic non-asthmatics

Detailed Analysis of Antemortem Burns in relevant Tocarboxy Haemoglobin

INTRODUCTION : Differentiation of antemortem burns from postmortem burns is a difficult task and also medico legally important one. It is mostly a matter for the police investigation. After homicide, attempts are made to burn a body, with an aim to concealing the crime. If a burned body, discovered in an unfamiliar environment and abandoned place , it give suspicion about the cause of death. Presence of accelerant used and absence of vital signs are indicators of postmortem burning following murder. In such cases the body should be explored for marks of violence like stab wounds, bullets, strangulation etc. At present there is no definite sign, to differentiate the antemortem and postmortem burns. Although a few criteria can be used as indicators of antemortem burns such as presence of soot particles in the respiratory tract, vital reaction around the burnt area and the carboxy haemoglobin in the bood. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES : 1. To identify the presence of carboxy haemoglobin in death due to burn. 2. To identify whether any association exists between age, sex, place of occurrence, fire accelerants used and presence of carboxy heamoglobin in blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS : SETTING : Government Rajaji Hospital and Madurai Medical College, Madurai. COLLABRATIVE DEPARTMENT: Department of Biochemistry, Madurai Medical College, Madurai. STUDY DESIGN : Prospective Qualitative Analymical Study. SAMPLE SIZE : 100 Cases. LIMITATIONS : 1. In this study all cases died of burns above the AGE of 10 years included. 2. Presence of carboxy hemoglobin only analyzed. SUMMARY :With certain criteria 100 cases are selected carefully and evaluated on forensic and laboratory aspect after institutional ethical clearance with on informed consent. The presence of carboxy hemoglobin in hundred cases of, death due to burns analyzed with spectroscopy test and Hopper seyler’s test. The venous blood that is collected directly from right side of the heart and then heparin added. The sample handed over to the biochemistry department for analysis. By enquiry and with the inquest report, the particulars are collected and correlated with the presence of carboxy hemoglobin. The particulars collected are age, sex, percentage of burns, death interval, circumstantial evidence, fire accelerants used, and manner of death. The data were entered in computer and analyzed statistically. There were 32 males and 68 females. Out of these 100 cases , 12% of the case shows presence of carboxy haemoglobin. Among the 12% of cases, manner of death is, accident in 10% cases and suicide in only 2% of cases. Among the 12% of case ,in all the cases, the death occurred in closed space. The presence of carboxy haemoglobin significantly found more in the accidental cases and also in suicidal case, died in a closed room (indoor). The factors that contributing for the appearance of carboxy haemoglobin in the blood are, source of carbon monoxide from the burning material, concentration of carbon monoxide in the inhaled air, respiratory status and activity of the victim at the time of firing. Local variation in draughts and levels above the floor may also account for. Presence of carboxy haemoglobin is a definite indicator of life at the time of fire, therefore exclude the postmortem burns. At the same time mere absence of carbon monoxide in the blood, does not indicate post mortem burns. It should be confirmed along with the, other associated factors of antemortem burns. CONCLUSION : • Presence of carboxy hemoglobin detected only in 12 % of the person died due to burn. • Significantly, present only in indoor burns. • Presence of Blood carboxy hemoglobin associated with pinkish discoloration of internal organs. • Age, sex , percentage of burns does not influence the carboxy haemoglobin. • Death interval and manner of death also not correlate with COHB. • Presence of soot particles does always associated with presence of carboxy hemoglobin

The immunogenicity and pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida isolated from poultry in Namakkal

Five field isolates of Pasteurella multocida from poultry in Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India were serotyped as Heddeleston serotype 1 (three isolates) and Heddeleston type 1 with weak cross reactivity to 4 and 14 (two). The pathogenicity of one isolate has been studied and a killed vaccine was developed. The vaccine provided good homologous protection