Изучение структуры сбережений и инвестиций на примере выборочных фермерских хозяйств

The saving and investment pattern of different forms sample group was studied during 2014-16 and it was observed that large farm holders were able to save higher income than small farmers while lowest income group had negative savings. In respect of investment on different fixed assets, irrigation was on first priority, followed by purchase of milch animals, farms buildings and investment in land and its improvement. Investment on working capital amongst different cash inputs, hired human labourer accounted highest share (29.44 per cent), followed by manure & fertilizers (22.33 per cent), hired power tractor (16.96 per cent), irrigation (13.61 per cent) and seeds (13.50 per cent) to total cash inputs. Marginal farmers could not invest for nonfarm physical capital because of no savings with them. Small and large farmers groups invested in all the items in which it was highest in working capital (61.28 to 61.84 per cent), followed by investment in fixed capital (14.41 to 16.84 per cent), financial capital (12-14 per cent) and non-farm capital (7-12 per cent). The highest investment was made on working capital (69.02 per cent) by sample farmers. Current income was found to be the main source of finance in all income groups which accounted for 49.70 to 94.79 per cent share of the total investment followed by savings which shared for 40.10 to 49.12 per cent in total investment.Структура сбережений и инвестиций в различных группах выборки изучали в течение 2014-2016 годов. Было замечено, что крупные фермерские хозяйства смогли сэкономить более высокий доход, чем мелкие фермеры, в то время как группа с самым низким доходом имела отрицательные сбережения. Что касается инвестиций в различные основные фонды, первоочередной задачей было орошение, за которым последовали покупка дойного скота, хозяйственных построек и инвестиции в землю и ее улучшение. Инвестиции в оборотный капитал среди различных денежных затрат, наемный рабочий составлял наибольшую долю (29,44%), за ним следовали навоз и удобрения (22,33 процента), наемный трактор (16,96%), ирригация (13,61%) и семена (13,50%) к общему количеству денежных вложений. Маржинальные фермеры не могли вкладывать средства в физический капитал, не связанный с сельским хозяйством, из-за отсутствия у них сбережений. Группы мелких и крупных фермеров инвестировали во все статьи, по которым они были самыми высокими, в оборотный капитал (от 61,28 до 61,84%), за которыми следовали инвестиции в основной капитал (от 14,41 до 16,84%), финансовый капитал (12-14%) и несельскохозяйственный капитал (7-12%). Наибольшие инвестиции в оборотный капитал (69,02%) были вложены фермерами из выборки. Текущий доход оказался основным источником финансирования во всех доходных группах, на долю которых приходилось от 49,70 до 94,79% от общего объема инвестиций, за которыми следовали сбережения, на которые приходилось от 40,10 до 49,12% от общего объема инвестиций

X-ray spectrum of the high polarization quasar PKS 1510-089

We present results on the X-ray spectra of the radio-loud, high-polarization quasar, PKS 1510-089, based on new data obtained using ASCA, and from archival ROSAT data. The X-ray spectrum obtained by ASCA is unusually hard, with the photon index=1.30+-0.06, while the (non-simultaneous) ROSAT data indicate a steeper spectrum (1.9+-0.3). The X-ray flux at 1 keV is within 10% during both observations. A break in the underlying continuum at about 0.7 keV is suggested. Flat X-ray spectra seem to be the characteristic of high polarization quasars, and their spectra also appear to be harder than that of the other radio-loud but low-polarization quasars. The multiwavelength spectrum of PKS 1510-089 is similar to many other gamma-ray blazars, suggesting the emission is dominated by that from a relativistic jet. A big blue-bump is also seen in its multiwavelength spectrum, suggesting the presence of a strong thermal component as well.Comment: 19 pages (Latex + 5 ps figures), Accpeted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, December 20, 199

Preliminary study of feasibility of an experiment looking for excited state double beta transitions in tin

An attempt to study the feasibility of a new experiment to search for double beta decay in $^{112}$Sn and $^{124}$Sn was carried out by using ultra-low background HPGe detector (244 cm$^{3}$) inside the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) of the INFN (Italy). A small sample of natural Sn was examined for 2367.5 h. The radioactive contamination of the sample has been estimated. The data has also been considered to calculate the present sensitivity for the proposed search; half-life limits $\sim$ $10^{17} - 10^{18}$ years for $\beta^{+}$EC and EC-EC processes in $^{112}$Sn and $\sim$ $10^{18}$ years for $\beta^{-}\beta^{-}$ transition in $^{124}$Sn were measured. In the last section of the paper the enhancement of the sensitivity for a proposed experiment with larger mass to reach theoretically estimated values of half-lives is discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in NIMA (in press