FROG analysis ensures the reproducibility of genome scale metabolic models

Genome scale metabolic models (GEMs) and other constraint-based models (CBMs) play a pivotal role in understanding biological phenotypes and advancing research in areas like metabolic engineering, human disease modelling, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. Despite their growing application, a significant challenge remains in ensuring the reproducibility of GEMs, primarily due to inconsistent reporting and inadequate model documentation of model results. Addressing this gap, we introduce FROG analysis, a community driven initiative aimed at standardizing reproducibility assessments of CBMs and GEMs. The FROG framework encompasses four key analyses including Flux variability, Reaction deletion, Objective function, and Gene deletion to produce standardized, numerically reproducible FROG reports. These reports serve as reference datasets, enabling model evaluators, curators, and independent researchers to verify the reproducibility of GEMs systematically. BioModels, a leading repository of systems biology models, has integrated FROG analysis into its curation workflow, enhancing the reproducibility and reusability of submitted GEMs. In our study evaluating 65 GEM submissions from the community, approximately 40\% reproduced without intervention, 28\% requiring minor adjustments, and 32\% needing input from authors. The standardization introduced by FROG analysis facilitated the detection and resolution of issues, ultimately leading to the successful reproduction of all models. By establishing a standardized and comprehensive approach to evaluating GEM reproducibility, FROG analysis significantly contributes to making CBMs and GEMs more transparent, reusable, and reliable for the broader scientific community.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Attenuation of fast neutrons in ilmenite concretes

Energy distributions of fast neutrons (> 0.5 MeV) transmitted through slabs of normal and high density ilmenite concretes, obtained by time of flight methods, are presented for concrete thicknesses increasing in steps of 7.6 cm from 0 to 46 cm. The incident spectrum consisted of a photoneutron continuum from aluminium irradiated with 35 MeV bremsstrahlung, and was thus of somewhat higher mean neutron energy than a typical fission spectrum. The measured distributions are in satisfactory agreement with the results of a Monte Carlo simulation, and results from the latter are used to extrapolate the measured data to greater thicknesses and other ilmenite concrete densities.NRC publication: Ye

Photon-absorption cross sections between 3 and 30 MeV

NRC publication: Ye

Photoneutron cross sections in 7-Li

NRC publication: Ye

Photoneutron fine structure in 208-Pb and multipole resonance

NRC publication: Ye

Contrasting Human and Computational Intelligence Based Autonomous Behaviors in a Blue-Red Simulation Environment

Autonomous systems are making their way to the market. The transition from tasks performed by humans to tasks performed by machines begs for an answer to one of the most challenging questions in this area of research: Will humans understand and trust what a machine does? Analyzing human and machine behaviors offers the foundational steps toward finding answers to this question. This paper contributes a novel methodology for transforming low-level actions by each agent into high-level categorization of strategies to contrast the behaviors of humans and machines using a computational red teaming environment with a red (evader) and a blue (pursuer) agent. Two orthogonal sources of uncertainty were examined: the uncertainty in the blue agent's situation awareness about the red, and the red agent's uncertainty resulting from deceptive actions by the blue. For each uncertainty source, two different experiments were conducted by varying the controller of the red agent. In one experiment, the red agent was controlled by one of the 34 human subjects; and in the second, by an evolved neural network. The blue agent was controlled by a scripted rule-based system. In this time-critical task, the results revealed that humans tend to follow systemic and consistent strategies, sometimes ignoring the information available to them. On the other hand, machines tend to evolve more complex and diverse strategies. This finding calls for new computational intelligence techniques to enable the fusion of these different strategies into forms that each party can understand and use effectively

Reactions of electrons in 3-methylhexane glass

NRC publication: Ye

The Relationship Between Career Variables and Occupational Aspirations and Expectations for Australian High School Adolescents

This study surveyed 925 Australian high school students enrolled in grades 8-12 on measures of occupational aspirations, occupational expectations, career status aspirations and career status expectations, and tested the association between these variables and career maturity, career indecision, career decision-making self-efficacy, and career barriers. Adolescents generally aspired to/expected to work within a small range of RIASEC occupational categories. One third of students reported occupational aspiration/expectation discrepancies. These differed across gender, and across age for females, but not for males. Students who demonstrated both occupational and status aspiration and expectation discrepancies reported more career indecision, were less confident about making a career-related decision, and were less career mature. Students generally held higher occupational status aspirations than expectations, and males were more likely to choose professional occupations than females. Age differences were found for status expectations, but not for status aspirations

Australian Indigenous students: addressing equity issues in assessment

This article provides the background and context to the important issue of assessment and equity in relation to Indigenous students in Australia. Questions about the validity and fairness of assessment are raised and ways forward are suggested by attending to assessment questions in relation to equity and culture-fair assessment. Patterns of under-achievement by Indigenous students are reflected in national benchmark data and international testing programmes like the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Sstudy and the Program for International Student Assessment. The argument developed views equity, in relation to assessment, as more of a sociocultural issue than a technical matter. It highlights how teachers need to distinguish the "funds of knowledge" that Indigenous students draw on and how teachers need to adopt culturally responsive pedagogy to open up the curriculum and assessment practice to allow for different ways of knowing and being