Door locks, wall stickers, fireplaces: Assemblage Theory and home (un)making in Lewisham’s temporary accommodation

This paper explores resident experiences of life in PLACE/Ladywell, a “pop‐up” social housing scheme in London providing temporary accommodation for homeless families. Specifically, we consider barriers to, and assertions of, homemaking in this temporary setting through fixtures and fittings—a door lock, wall stickers, and a fireplace. The paper utilises assemblage thinking to understand homemaking within these time‐limited and constrained circumstances. Despite their seeming banality, fixtures and fittings offer a material, politicised, and lively means of studying the attempted and thwarted production of home by residents living in PLACE/Ladywell. The absence of door locks reduces parents’ ability to maintain privacy and intimate relations; restrictions on hanging pictures and other decorative measures are circumvented by the use of wall stickers; and a defiant decorative fireplace establishes a sense of home in a temporary setting. Together, these objects constitute vital elements in negotiations between fixity and impermanence in temporary accommodation

Quantitative Susceptibility MRI to Detect Brain Iron in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Purpose To investigate the whole-brain landscape of iron-related abnormalities in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by using the in vivo MRI technique of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Materials and Methods For this prospective study, 28 patients with ALS (mean age, 61 years; age range, 43-77 years; 18 men [mean age, 61 years; range, 43-77 years] and 10 women [mean age, 61 years; range, 47-74 years]) recruited between January 17, 2014, and September 4, 2015, and 39 matched control subjects (mean age, 61 years; age range, 39-77 years; 24 men [mean age, 62 years; range, 39-77 years] and 15 women [mean age, 59 years; range, 39-73 years]) were examined by using structural and susceptibility 3.0-T MRI techniques. Group data were cross sectionally compared with family-wise error (FWE) corrections by using voxel-based morphometry (random-field theory), cortical thickness analysis (Monte Carlo simulated), subcortical volumetry (Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon rank-sum testing), and QSM analysis (cluster-enhanced whole-brain permutation testing and Bonferroni-corrected rank-sum testing in regions of interest). In patients with ALS, a potential relationship between diffusion and susceptibility measurements in the corticospinal tracts (CSTs) was also examined by using Spearman rank-correlation tests. Results Conventional structural measures failed to identify atrophy in the present cohort (FWE P > .05). However, QSM identified several whole-brain abnormalities (FWE P < .05) in ALS. Regionally, higher susceptibility (expressed as means in parts per million ± standard errors of the mean) was confirmed in the motor cortex (ALS = 0.0188 ± 0.0003, control = 0.0173 ± 0.0003; P < .001), the left substantia nigra (ALS = 0.127 ± 0.004, control = 0.113 ± 0.003; P = .008), the right substantia nigra (ALS = 0.141 ± 0.005, control = 0.120 ± 0.003; P < .001), the globus pallidus (ALS = 0.086 ± 0.003, control = 0.075 ± 0.002; P = .003), and the red nucleus (ALS = 0.115 ± 0.004, control = 0.098 ± 0.003; P < .001). Lower susceptibility was found in CST white matter (ALS = -0.047 ± 0.001, control = -0.043 ± 0.001; P = .01). Nigral and pallidal QSM values were cross correlated in ALS (ρ2 = 0.42, P < .001), a phenomenon visually traceable in many individual patients. QSM in the CST in ALS also correlated with diffusion-tensor metrics in this tract (ρ2 = 0.25, P = .007). Conclusion Whole-brain MRI quantitative susceptibility mapping analysis is sensitive to tissue alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that may be relevant to pathologic changes

The pore structure and gating mechanism of K2P channels

K2P potassium channels are important regulators of cellular excitability. This study reveals that in contrast to most other K+ channels the primary gating mechanism in the K2P channel TREK-1 does not involve opening and closure of the cytoplasmic bundle crossing, but takes place close to or within the selectivity filter

Leishmania-Induced IRAK-1 Inactivation Is Mediated by SHP-1 Interacting with an Evolutionarily Conserved KTIM Motif

Parasites of the Leishmania genus can rapidly alter several macrophage (MØ) signalling pathways in order to tame down the innate immune response and inflammation, therefore favouring their survival and propagation within their mammalian host. Having recently reported that Leishmania and bacterial LPS generate a significantly stronger inflammatory response in animals and phagocytes functionally deficient for the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1), we hypothesized that Leishmania could exploit SHP-1 to inactivate key kinases involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling and innate immunity such as IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1). Here we show that upon infection, SHP-1 rapidly binds to IRAK-1, completely inactivating its intrinsic kinase activity and any further LPS-mediated activation as well as MØ functions. We also demonstrate that the SHP-1/IRAK-1 interaction occurs via an evolutionarily conserved ITIM-like motif found in the kinase domain of IRAK-1, which we named KTIM (Kinase Tyrosyl-based Inhibitory Motif). This regulatory motif appeared in early vertebrates and is not found in any other IRAK family member. Our study additionally reveals that several other kinases (e.g. Erk1/2, IKKα/β) involved in downstream TLR signalling also bear KTIMs in their kinase domains and interact with SHP-1. We thus provide the first demonstration that a pathogen can exploit a host protein tyrosine phosphatase, namely SHP-1, to directly inactivate IRAK-1 through a generally conserved KTIM motif

Online assessment of ALS functional rating scale compares well to in-clinic evaluation: A prospective trial

Self-assessment of symptom progression in chronic diseases is of increasing importance in clinical research, patient management and specialized outpatient care. Against this background, we developed a secure internet platform (ALShome.de) that allows online assessment of the revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) and other established self-assessment questionnaires. We developed a secure and closed internet portal to assess patient reported outcomes. In a prospective, controlled and stratified study, patients conducted a web-based self-assessment of ALSFRS-R compared to on-site assessment. On-site and online assessments were compared at baseline (n = 127) and after 3.5 months (n = 81, 64%). Results showed that correlation between on-site evaluation and online testing of ALSFRS-R was highly significant (r = 0.96; p < 0.001). The agreement of both capturing methods (online vs. on-site) was excellent (mean interval, 8.8 days). The adherence to online rating was high; 75% of patients tested on-site completed a follow-up online visit (mean 3.5 months, SD 1.7). We conclude that online self-assessment of ALS severity complements the well-established face-to-face application of the ALSFRS-R during on-site visits. The results of our study support the use of online administration of ALSFRS-R within clinical trials and for managing the care of ALS patients