Context Matters: An Analysis of assessments of XML Documents

The paper analyses searchers’ assessments of usefulness and specificity on different levels of granularity in XML-coded documents. Documents are assessed on 10 usefulness/specificity combinations and on the granularity levels of article, section, and subsection. Overlapping judgements show a remarkable lack of consistency between searchers. There is an inverse relationship between articles and sections both in the assessment of specificity and of usefulness, indicating that retrieval on different granularity levels are a useful feature of a retrieval system. Searchers find the full article more useful when they assess the same document both on the article and section level indicating that there is a need to provide context to the sections and subsections when presenting result list of XML-documents

Loss-of-function mutation in IKZF2 leads to immunodeficiency with dysregulated germinal center reactions and reduction of MAIT cells

Peer reviewe

Loss-of-function mutation in IKZF2 leads to immunodeficiency with dysregulated germinal center reactions and reduction of MAIT cells

Peer reviewe

Does Genetic Diversity Predict Health in Humans?

Genetic diversity, especially at genes important for immune functioning within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), has been associated with fitness-related traits, including disease resistance, in many species. Recently, genetic diversity has been associated with mate preferences in humans. Here we asked whether these preferences are adaptive in terms of obtaining healthier mates. We investigated whether genetic diversity (heterozygosity and standardized mean d2) at MHC and nonMHC microsatellite loci, predicted health in 153 individuals. Individuals with greater allelic diversity (d2) at nonMHC loci and at one MHC locus, linked to HLA-DRB1, reported fewer symptoms over a four-month period than individuals with lower d2. In contrast, there were no associations between MHC or nonMHC heterozygosity and health. NonMHC-d2 has previously been found to predict male preferences for female faces. Thus, the current findings suggest that nonMHC diversity may play a role in both natural and sexual selection acting on human populations

A Genome-Wide Association Study of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes

dentification of sequence variants robustly associated with predisposition to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has the potential to provide insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms responsible. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of DKD in type 2 diabetes (T2D) using eight complementary dichotomous and quantitative DKD phenotypes: the principal dichotomous analysis involved 5,717 T2D subjects, 3,345 with DKD. Promising association signals were evaluated in up to 26,827 subjects with T2D (12,710 with DKD). A combined T1D+T2D GWAS was performed using complementary data available for subjects with T1D, which, with replication samples, involved up to 40,340 subjects with diabetes (18,582 with DKD). Analysis of specific DKD phenotypes identified a novel signal near GABRR1 (rs9942471, P = 4.5 x 10(-8)) associated with microalbuminuria in European T2D case subjects. However, no replication of this signal was observed in Asian subjects with T2D or in the equivalent T1D analysis. There was only limited support, in this substantially enlarged analysis, for association at previously reported DKD signals, except for those at UMOD and PRKAG2, both associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. We conclude that, despite challenges in addressing phenotypic heterogeneity, access to increased sample sizes will continue to provide more robust inference regarding risk variant discovery for DKD.Peer reviewe

Microfibrillation of pulp fibres:the effects of compression-shearing, oxidation and thermal drying

Abstract Cellulose micro- and nanofibrils are elongated, flexible nano-scale particles produced from natural fibres with intensive mechanical treatments, usually in the form of dilute aqueous suspensions. Due to the recalcitrant structure of the fibres, mechanical, chemical and enzymatic pre-treatments are often used to loosen the fibre wall structure so as to facilitate the mechanical liberation of micro- and nanofibrils and reduce the high amount of mechanical energy needed. However, it is still unclear how different chemistries affect the disintegration phenomena and how mechanical action starts to unravel the fibre structure, and thus how micro- and nanofibrillation could best benefit from the pre-treatments. In addition, the high water content used in the process increases the production and transportation costs of the material, so that the solids content should be increased. Reducing the water content before or after production would be challenging, however, due to changes in fibre properties during drying (hornification) and the tendency for the resulting nanofibrils to agglomerate. Also, the effect of high solids content and temperature on the reduction of fibres to nano- and microfibrils is still not well understood. The aims of this work were to follow the changes in fibre morphology after mechanical, chemical and thermal modification and address their effects on the disintegration phenomena of the fibres to microfibrils. Mechanical compression-shearing, two selective oxidations and thermal drying in combination with TEMPO oxidation were used to modify the fibre structure before mechanical disintegration in a high-shear homogenizer or ball mill. The results showed that sufficient swelling of the fibre cell walls was a prerequisite for successful microfibrillation. Swelling can be promoted by loosening the hydrogen bonding network with compression and shearing forces or by increasing the charge density. Different charge thresholds were observed for microfibrillation depending on the chemistry used. Extremely hornified fibres were also successfully microfibrillated with the aid of TEMPO oxidation. Different fibre disintegration mechanisms were seen depending on the modification type and disintegration conditions. In addition, micro- and nanofibrils and nanocrystals were successfully produced under high solids (≥ 50%) conditions.Tiivistelmä Luonnonkuiduista saatavat selluloosamikro- ja -nanofibrillit ovat pitkiä ja joustavia nanokokoluokan partikkeleita, joita valmistetaan yleensä intensiivisillä mekaanisilla käsittelyillä vesiliuoksissa. Kuitujen lujan rakenteen vuoksi valmistuksessa käytetään usein mekaanisia, kemiallisia ja entsymaattisia esikäsittelyjä heikentämään kuituseinämän tiivistä rakennetta, mikä helpottaa mikro- ja nanofibrillien irtoamista kuituseinämästä, sekä alentaa valmistuksen mekaanisen energian tarvetta. On kuitenkin edelleen epäselvää, miten erilaiset kemialliset käsittelyt vaikuttavat kuitujen hajoamiseen, miten kuiturakenne alkaa purkautua mekaanisessa käsittelyssä ja miten esikäsittelyillä voitaisiin parhaiten edistää mikro- ja nanofibrilloitumista. Valmistuksessa käytettävä korkea vesipitoisuus lisää mikro- ja nanofibrillien valmistus- ja kuljetuskustannuksia. Vesipitoisuuden alentaminen valmistuksessa tai sen jälkeen on kuitenkin haastavaa, sillä kuituominaisuudet muuttuvat kuivatuksessa ja valmiit nanofibrillit kimppuuntuvat helposti. Korkean kuiva-ainepitoisuuden ja lämpötilan vaikutusta kuidun hajoamiseen mikro- ja nanofibrilleiksi ei myöskään ymmärretä vielä täysin. Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia sellukuitujen rakenteen muutoksia mekaanisen, kemiallisen ja lämpömuokkauksen seurauksena, sekä tutkia niiden vaikutusta kuidun purkautumiseen mikrofibrilleiksi. Kuiturakennetta muokattiin puristus-hiertomenetelmällä, kahdella selektiivisellä hapetusmenetelmällä, sekä lämpökuivauksen ja nk. TEMPO-hapetuksen yhdistelmällä ennen kuitujen mekaanista hajottamista joko leikkaavassa homogenisaattorissa tai kuulamyllyssä. Tulosten perusteella riittävä kuituseinämän turvottaminen oli edellytys onnistuneelle mikrofibrilloinnille. Turpoamista saatiin edistettyä hajottamalla kuiduissa olevia vetysidosverkostoja puristus- ja leikkausvoimilla tai kasvattamalla anionisen varauksen määrää kuiduissa. Varauksen kynnysarvo mikrofibrilloitumiselle riippui käytetystä hapetusmenetelmästä. Myös kuivatuksessa erittäin sarveistuneet kuidut saatiin mikrofibrilloitua TEMPO-hapetuksen avulla. Tulosten perusteella kuiduilla on erilaisia hajoamismekanismeja, jotka riippuvat käytetystä muokkauksesta, sen intensiivisyydestä, sekä hajottamisolosuhteista. Työssä onnistuttiin myös valmistamaan mikro- ja nanofibrillejä, sekä nanokiteitä tavanomaista huomattavasti korkeammassa (≥50 %) kuiva-ainepitoisuudessa

INEX 2005 evaluation measures

This paper describes the official measures of retrieval effectiveness employed in INEX 2005: the eXtended Cumulated Gain (XCG) measures. In addition, results of correlation analysis are reported, examining the correlation between the employed quantisation functions and the different measures for the INEX 2005 ad-hoc tasks