A clinicopathologic study and management strategies of liver abscess

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In India alone, 60 – 70 lakhs people sustain burns every year. Mortality due to burns is 1.4 lakhs/year. Around 70% of all injuries occur in the age group of 15 – 35 years, the most productive age group. The most logistic approach to burn wound would be a wound cover until such time the body is able to synthesize a cover of its own. In a tropical country like India, closed dressings get easily infected and open dressings get dried up soon. Collagen dressings provide the most physiological interface between the wound surface and the environment. Hence I chose to study the merits and demerits of collagen dressing over the conventional silver sulphadiazine ointment application. METHODS: 70 patients with second degree thermal burns less than 20% TBSA, getting admitted in the General Surgery and Pediatric Surgery Departments of Coimbatore Medical College Hospital were enrolled for the study from October 2011 to October 2013. Surface area of burns was assessed by “Wallace rule of nine”. The patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned to silver sulphadiazine and collagen group. All patients were treated with analgesics, intravenous fluids and antibiotics. Wound washed thoroughly and dried. Both silver sulphadiazine ointment was applied and left open or collagen sheets applied. RESULTS: In this study thermal burns were more common in females between 21-35 years of age. Between the silver sulphadiazine and collagen group, the average pain score (over the scale of 3) on day 1 was 2.19 v/s 1.11. and on day 2 was 1.96 v/s 1.04. The average duration of wound healing was 17.48 and 13.6 days for silver sulphadiazine and collagen groups respectively. Both pain score and wound healing were found to be statistically significant (P value <.01). The incidence of wound infection, need for split skin graft, development of contractures and hypertrophic scars were found to be low in the collagen group. However they were found to be statistically insignificant (P>.05). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Collagen application is better than silver sulphadiazine application in the management of burn wounds owing to its better pain relief, rapid wound healing, need for application of dressing only once, early ambulation and early identification of wound infection due to its translucency

Delay Tolerance in Wireless Networks through Optimal Path Routing Algorithm

AbstractA Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a mesh network designed to operate effectively over great distances. DTNs have not custom to vindicate complete track from source to destination most of the time during communication. Existing data routing approaches used in DTNs were based on multi-copy routing. However, these existing methods incur overhead due to exorbitant transmissions and increases seer side processing. Hence there is a necessity to propose an optimal path routing algorithm to overcome the above issues. The optimal path routing reduces the proposition of message dropping and wax the throughput. The design approximate also uses random path generation that can reveal the path that affirms active connection for a longer duration to achieve a desired routing delay. In addition, this system has an effective buffer management mechanism to increase throughput and decrease routing delay. The analysis and as well as the simulation results clearly shows that the optimal path routing algorithm, provides high throughput and low routing delay compared to existing routing approaches

Evaluation of Anti-Arthritic Activity of The Ethanolic Extract of Mimosa Pudica Linn. in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant Induced Arthritis in Wistar Rats

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory, autoimmune disorder which destroys it‟s own immune system. The immunologically mediated Complete Freund‟s adjuvant induced arthritic model of chronic inflammation is considered as the best available experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis[70].Complete Freund‟s adjuvant-induced arthritis is a model of chronic polyarthritis with features that resemble rheumatoid arthritis. In Complete freund‟s adjuvant-induced arthritis model, rats developed a chronic swelling in multiple joints with influence of inflammatory cells, erosion of joint cartilage and bone destruction and remodeling which have close similarities to human rheumatoid disease. These inflammatory changes ultimately result in the complete destruction of joint integrity and functions in the affected animal. Also, the Complete Freund‟s adjuvant administered rats showed soft tissue swelling around the ankle joints during the development of arthritis, which was considered as edema of the particular tissues. Paw swelling is an index of measuring the anti-arthritic activity of Mimosa pudica Linn.at the dose level 200&400 mg/kg, p.o. Mimosa pudica administered groups showed marked reduction in paw volume when compared with the Negative control group (Group II). It was also found that there was significant weight loss when compared to standard[71]. The result of the present study also indicates that there is a close relationship between the extent of inflammation, loss of body weight and arthritic index. The arthritic scoring was done on the basis of visual observation where it can be seen that there is a marked reduction in the swelling and joint damage of the drug treated groups[72]. It was also noted that the high dose Mimosa pudica Linn. Extract proved its efficacy to reduce the inflammation of the paws. The locomotor activity of the animals were improved in Group 5 animals(HDMP) when compared to the standard animals. Assessment of the levels of serum parameters provides an excellent and simple tool to measure the anti-arthritic activity of the target drug. The total protein such as albumin and globulin was comparatively equal in all the three groups such as control, plant extract and standard[73]. TheC-Reactive protein levels of the plant extract and standard was marginally equal but higher than the control values. Rheumatoid factors are proteins produced by our immune system that can attack our own healthy cells of the body. When the levels rise, it might relate to some form of auto immune diseases. The Rf value of the high dose plant extract was excellent when compared to that standard. Histopathology provides a noticeable morphological distinctiveness as a practical and unambiguous pathognomonic sign of Rheumatoid arthritis. The histopathological analysis identified the ability of the bones to re-form upon treatment with Mimosa pudica Linn. Bone structures re-calcified upon treatment with the Mimosa pudica Linn.dose dependently. The high dose of the plant extract exhibited good therapeutic potential from the study results and is therefore consistent with earlier findings that the ability of a drug to suppress inflammation, synovitis and protect a joint is desired in rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Radiographic changes in Rheumatoid arthritis conditions are useful diagnostic measures which indicate the severity of the disease. Soft tissue swelling is the earlier radiographic sign, whereas prominent radiographic changes like bony erosions and narrowing of joint spaces can be observed only in the developed stages (final stages) of arthritis[74]. The radiographic features of the rat joints in adjuvant induced arthritic model are shown in Picture 3. In Freund‟s adjuvant induced arthritic rat (group II), soft tissue swelling along with narrowing of the joint spaces was severe which implies the bony destruction in arthritic condition. The standard drug Methotrexate (0.75 mg/kg) treated groups have prevented this bony destruction and also there is moderate swelling of the joint. Similarly, according to histopathological studies, extracts of Mimosa pudica Linn.have shown significant prevention against bony destruction by showing less soft tissue swelling and narrowing of joint spaces in the 40 days of treatment when compared with Complete Freund‟s adjuvant (Negative control group).SUMMARY: Indian sub-continent is a rich source of plant & animal wealth which is due to its varied geographical and agro climate regions. It is a well known fact that traditional system of medicines always played important role in meeting the global health care needs. Arthritis is one of the most common auto-immune inflammatory disorders, foremost cause of disability in western and developing countries. The presently available synthetic drugs in the market are not only economical exploitation but also associated with adverse effects. The synthetic drugs includes NSAIDS and DMARDS like Cyclophosphamide, intramuscular gold, sulfasalazine had the side effects of stomach ulcers, GIT bleeding, kidney, liver damage and hypertension. The given plant Mimosa pudica Linn.provides essential compounds with active principles, having no or minimum side effects holds prospect in future rheumatoid arthritis treatment. From the above review it should be manifest that there are many medicinal plants which exert anti-arthritic activity at a particular dose. The preliminary phytochemical studies discovered the presence of various phytoconstituents. Invivo study was performed with parameters such as paw edema volume, physical and behavioural changes and arthritic index and the extract possessed a significant effect on the inflammation and joint destruction. The biochemical analysis were assessed by estimating the serum values which provided favourable effects. Invitro study showed the effect of the plant extract on the percentage inhibition of protein denaturation and protease enzymes which gave marked responses. Other methods such as histopathology and the radiographic X-ray analysis of the groups showed good results. CONCLUSION:In conclusion, this study has verified that constituents of the plant suppressed the joint inflammation and destruction in adjuvant arthritic rats. We are confident that our data provide mechanistic evidence for anti-arthritic appliance of the plant as a promising candidate for novel therapeutic agent of Rheumatoid arthritis

Dimethylacetamide - an alternative to glycerol as cryoprotectant of Malabari buck semen

The key role of a cryoprotectant is to minimize the chemical and physical stress which occurs during cooling, freezing and thawing of semen. The difference between the cryoprotectant (CPA) occurs in their permeability coefficient and the structural model of the cryogenic agent. The beneficial effect of dimethylacetamide (DMA) as a cryoprotectant especially for sperms had been observed in several studies. The aim of the study was to study the cryoprotective effect of DMA in freezing the Malabari buck semen compared to glycerol. Ten ejaculates were taken from fourMalabaribucks . After preliminary evaluation sample split technique was followed with Tris based extender containing glycerol (6.7 per cent) as cryoprotectant (control) and Trisextender containing DMA (3 per cent) as cryoprotectant (treatment group). The semen straws (0.25mL) after filling were subjected for equilibration and manual freezing. Sperm kinetics was studied using computer-aided sperm analyzer. Pre-freeze and post-thaw evaluation included sperm viability, sperm abnormality, hypo osmotic test, acrosome integrity test and DNA fragmentation. Results indicated that inclusion of 6.7 per cent glycerol had significantly higher (p<0.05) post-thaw values than DMA. From our study we conclude that 6.7 per cent glycerol was better than 3 per cent DMA in cryopreservation of Malabari buck semen

Use of side-chain for rational design of n-type diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymers: what did we fing out?

Cataloged from PDF version of article.The primary role of substituted side chains in organic semiconductors is to increase their solubility in common organic solvents. In the recent past, many literature reports have suggested that the side chains play a critical role in molecular packing and strongly impact the charge transport properties of conjugated polymers. In this work, we have investigated the influence of side-chains on the charge transport behavior of a novel class of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) based alternating copolymers. To investigate the role of side-chains, we prepared four diketopyrrolopyrrole-diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP-DPP) conjugated polymers with varied side-chains and carried out a systematic study of thin film microstructure and charge transport properties in polymer thin-film transistors (PTFTs). Combining results obtained from grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and charge transport properties in PTFTs, we conclude side-chains have a strong influence on molecular packing, thin film microstructure, and the charge carrier mobility of DPP-DPP copolymers. However, the influence of side-chains on optical properties was moderate. The preferential "edge-on" packing and dominant n-channel behavior with exceptionally high field-effect electron mobility values of >1 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) were observed by incorporating hydrophilic (triethylene glycol) and hydrophobic side-chains of alternate DPP units. In contrast moderate electron and hole mobilities were observed by incorporation of branched hydrophobic side-chains. This work clearly demonstrates that the subtle balance between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity induced by side-chains is a powerful strategy to alter the molecular packing and improve the ambipolar charge transport properties in DPP-DPP based conjugated polymers. Theoretical analysis supports the conclusion that the side-chains influence polymer properties through morphology changes, as there is no effect on the electronic properties in the gas phase. The exceptional electron mobility is at least partially a result of the strong intramolecular conjugation of the donor and acceptor as evidenced by the unusually wide conduction band of the polymer

Conceptual Framework on Workplace Deviance Behavior: A Review

This article aims to highlight the importance of organizational climate with both destructive and constructive deviance behaviour in different cultural setting with workplace as a common ground. First, we discuss the need for research in workplace deviance especially destructive and constructive deviance behaviour with the review of previous studies from deviance literature. Next, we present the importance of climate and culture with both destructive and constructive deviance by proposing relationship among them with the help of a framework. The presented theoretical framework can be useful for conducting future empirical research. Finally, we present the conclusion and future research in conducting cross-national research with respect to deviance