Spectroscopy in carbon deposits characterization

Carbon deposits formed on the top of the catalysts is characterized by a different morphology. This depends, among the others, on the temperature of the catalytical reaction conducted. Application of FT-IR/PA (Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic) spectroscopy allows to distinguish the carbon deposit forms created during the reaction. Deposits formed at high temperature (steam reforming, hydrogenolysis) are graphite-like materials. In the contrary, at low temperature (hydrogenation of benzene) deposits formed exhibit functional groups on its surface. Moreover, deposit created at low temperature has two parts: soluble and insoluble

FT-IR/PAS characteristic of the Ni-NiO/Al2_{2}O3_{3} catalyst

Carbon deposits formed on the catalysts' surface is characterized by the different properties. This depends, among others, on the temperature of the catalytic reaction conducted. Application of FT-IR/PA (Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic) spectroscopy allows to examine the carbon deposit forms created during the reaction. Samples of the commercial KUB-3 catalyst (Ni-NiO/Al$_{2}$O$_{3}$) taken from the industrial bed after three-year continuous work (applied for the hydrogenation of benzene) were characterized by means of FT-IR/PAS

Investigations on hydrogenation of selected organic sulfur compounds on the Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst in terms of natural gas desulfurization

Technological problems of natural gas desulfurization in syngases manufacturing plants have been discussed and the results of investigations on the activity of the model Ni-Mo/Al$\text{}_{2}$O$\text{}_{3}$ catalyst in hydrogenation of selected sulfur compounds have been presented. The HDS reaction rate is dependent on a compound structure. The hydrogenation rate on the Ni-Mo/Al$\text{}_{2}$O$\text{}_{3}$ catalyst for the given sulfur compound increases in the order: CS$\text{}_{2}$(CH$\text{}_{3}$)$\text{}_{2}$S>C$\text{}_{4}$H$\text{}_{10}$S>C$\text{}_{2}$H$\text{}_{6}$S$\text{}_{2}$C$\text{}_{4}$H$\text{}_{4}$S

Estimating a stock-flow model for the Swiss housing market

This paper analyzes the development of housing market imbalances, housing prices and residential investment in Switzerland within a stock-flow framework. In the long run, the desired level of residential capital stock and the existing residential capital stock revert. Empirical results indicate, however, that housing demand can diverge from the existing supply for several years due to the slow adjustment of the residential capital stock to shocks. In the short run, the market therefore has to be cleared by price adjustments. And indeed, it can be shown empirically that changes in prices are significantly and strongly dependent on the level of stock imbalances. Furthermore, housing prices prove to be an important determinant of residential investment, which in turn drives the adjustment process of the residential capital stock towards its desired level

Status of a mega-joule scale Plasma-Focus experiments

This paper presents results of the recent plasma-focus (PF) experiments carried out with PF facilities, which was operated at energies ranging from 0.5 MJ to about 1 MJ. Particular attention has been paid to pinch evolution, the emission of pulsed X-ray, fast electron beams, and fusion produced neutrons. Some theoretical models of the initial breakdown, which occurs at the insulator surface, are compared. It is pointed out that modeling of the breakdown is sensitive to kinetics of ionization processes and transport coefficients. Progress in experimental studies of the axial acceleration phase is unsatisfactory. Important experimental data have been collected, but new measurements are still needed. For the radial collapse phase, it was shown that the MHD modeling is efficient until the maximum compression, but plasma instabilities require more sophisticated approaches. The pinch phase was investigated by means of different diagnostics. Fusion neutron yields were measured in different experiments, but some discrepancies in scaling must still be explained. The conclusions concern directions for further studies and optimization of large-scale high-current PF facilities