Poboljšana topljivost teško topljivog lijeka u čvrstim disperzijama s polimernim i nepolimernim hidrofilnim dodacima

Irbesartan (IBS) is a hydrophobic drug with poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate. Solid dispersions (SDs) of IBS were prepared with both small molecules (tartaric acid and mannitol) and polymeric additives (polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP, and hydroxy propyl methylcellulose, HPMC). A 9.5 and 7 folds enhancement in solubility over the crystalline form (14.6 g mL-1) was observed for tartaric acid (138 g mL-1) and PVP (103 g mL-1), respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed that IBS existed in the glassy state in all cases, even with excipients having low glass transition temperature. Thermal methods (differential scanning calorimetry and hot stage microscopy) were used to evaluate the miscibility of the drug and additives. These techniques suggested that tartaric acid led to generation of ‘amorphous solutions’ in contrast to ‘amorphous suspensions’ in other three cases. The in vitro dissolution of IBS depended on the additive load and increased with increasing concentration in the case of tartaric acid, an acidifying excipient. The results indicate the suitability of even small molecules for providing solubility benefits, which can be attributed to the good glass forming ability and reasonable ability of IBS to remain in the glassy state.Irbesartan (IBS) je hidrofobni lijek teško topljiv u vodi koji se slabo oslobađa iz ljekovitih pripravaka. U radu je opisana priprava čvrstih disperzija (SDs) IBS-a pomoću aditiva male relativne molekulske mase (vinska kiselina i manitol) i polimera (polivinilpirolidona, PVP, i hidroksipropil metilceluloze, HPMC). Koristeći vinsku kiselinu i PVP topljivost je povećana 9,5 puta (138 g mL1), odnosno 7 puta (103 g mL1) u odnosu na kristaliničnu formu (14,6 g mL1). Difrakcijom X-zrakama praškastog uzorka potvrđeno je da je IBS uvijek u staklastom stanju, pa i s pomoćnim tvarima koje pri niskim temperaturama prelaze u staklasto stanje. Termičke metode (diferencijalna pretražna kalorimetrija i mikroskopija s vrućom pločom) korištene su za procjenu sposobnosti miješanja lijeka s aditivima. Rezultati ukazuju da vinska kiselina stvara amorfnu otopinu, a ostale tvari amorfne suspenzije. Oslobađanje IBS-a in vitro ovisi o količini aditiva i raste s povećanjem koncentracije vinske kiseline, (kisele pomoćne tvari). Poboljšanje topljivosti dodatkom malih molekula može se pripisati sposobnosti prelaska IBS-a u staklasto stanje i sposobnosti zadražavanja u tom stanju

Nature to Nano-an interactive graphic book to Learn Biomimicry

A picture is worth than a thousand words and when the subject is a combination of art and science this quote seems worthy and realtable. Science and art naturally overlaps. Both are a means of investigation and follows nature. Both Artist and scientist study materials, people, culture, history, religion, mythology in their own methods and learn to transform information into something more accessible. This is the combustion of delicate beauty and technical accuracy. In other words, Aesthetic and logic collides to perform something more engaging and a different experience of learning

Synthesis of Al and Ag nanoparticles through ultra-sonic dissociation of thermal evaporation deposited thin films for promising clinical applications as polymer nanocomposite

Nanoparticles (NPs) having well-defined shape, size and clean surface serve as ideal model system to investigate surface/interfacial reactions. Ag and Al NPs are receiving great interest due to their wide applications in bio-medical field, aerospace and space technology as combustible additives in propellants and hydrogen generation. Hence, in this study, we have synthesized Ag and Al NPs using an innovative approach of ultra-sonic dissociation of thin films. Phase and particle size distributions of the Ag and Al NPs have been determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thin film dissociation/dissolution mechanism, hence conversion into NPs has been characterized by SEM- scanning electron microscope. EDXA & ICPMS have been performed for chemical analysis of NPs. Optical properties have been characterized by UV-Vis and PL spectroscopy. These NPs have also been investigated for their anti-bacterial activity against Escherichia coli bacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time when NPs has been synthesized by ultra-sonic dissociation of thin films. As an application, these NPs were used further for synthesis of nanocomposite polymer membranes, which show excellent activity against bio film formation

Influence of Vehicular Emissions (NO, NO2, CO and NMHCs) on the Mixing Ratio of Atmospheric Ammonia (NH3) in Delhi, India

Mixing ratios of atmospheric ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), and methane (CH4) were measured to investigate the vehicular emissions, which are a dominant source of atmospheric NH3 in urban sites of Delhi, India from January 2013 to December 2014. The annual average mixing ratios of NH3, NO, CO, NMHCs, and CH4 were 21.2 +/- 2.1 ppb, 21.2 +/- 6.1 ppb, 1.89 +/- 0.18 ppm, 0.67 +/- 0.21 ppm and 3.11 +/- 0.53 ppm, respectively. Considering NO as a tracer of vehicular plume, ambient NH3 was correlated with NO during peak traffic hour in the morning (7:00-10:00 h) and evening (17:00-19:00 h) and observed significant positive correlation between them. Result reveals that the mixing ratio of atmospheric NH3 significantly positive correlated with traffic related pollutants (NO, CO, and NHHCs) during all the seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). During winter, the average mixing ratio of atmospheric NH3 was increased by 1.2-3.5 ppb in the morning peak hour, whereas increased by 0.3-1.6 ppb in the evening peak hour. Similarly, an increase in NH3 mixing ratio was observed during summer (morning: 1.2-2.7 ppb and evening: 1.5-1.6 ppb) and monsoon (morning: 0.4-3.6 ppb and evening: 0.9-1.4 ppb) seasons. The results emphasized that the traffic could be one of the dominant source of ambient NH3 at the urban site of Delhi, as illustrated by positive relationships of NH3 with traffic related co-pollutants (NO, CO and NMHCs)

A Note on Implementing Recurrence Quantification Analysis for Network Anomaly Detection

This paper deal with the network anomaly detection, based on the analysis of non-stationary properties that occur in the aggregated IP traffic flows. We use recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), a mathematical nonlinear technique to achieve this task. The objective is to model the standard network traffic and report any deviation from it. We create a baseline from which we derive the RQA parameters. Using these parameters we explore the hidden recurrence patterns in the network traffic. Further, the detection is analysed using the support vector machine to classify the deviations from the regular traffic. Experiments are conducted on Vellore Institute of Technology University campus network traffic data to validate the model.Defence Science Journal, 2012, 62(2), pp.112-116, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.62.117

Evaluation of urinary calcium to creatinine ratio as a predictor of preeclampsia

Background: Hypertension in pregnancy is a big threat to the mother as well as the fetus. Prediction of preeclampsia with reasonable accuracy is one of the essential prerequisites for its prevention. Various biological markers are available for the prediction of preeclampsia but none of those is reasonably reliable, valid and economical. In this present study, the predictive value of the urinary calcium-creatinine ratio (CCR) for the prediction of preeclampsia was studied.Methods: This Prospective, observational study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India. The study population was comprised of consecutive 174 pregnant women with gestational age between 20-28 weeks attending antenatal OPD. Calcium and creatinine levels were estimated in the midstream clean catch urine sample. After initial workup, all patients were followed in the antenatal clinic till the time of delivery. The number of patients who develop the hypertensive disorder in pregnancy was noted and the correlation studied.Results: On statistical analysis, CCR at ≤0.04 had a sensitivity of 71.43%, specificity of 98.75%, and the positive predictive value of 83.33% and negative predictive value of 97.53%. The accuracy of the test was 96.55%.Conclusions: A single estimation of calcium to creatinine ratio in asymptomatic pregnant women between 20-28 week of gestation is a simple and cost-effective test. A value of less than or equal to 0.04, in a spot urine sample, has a good predictive value for preeclampsia

Adsorption of Cadmium (II) and Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solution by Waste Marigold Flowers

In this work, waste marigold flowers from Temple were used as adsorbent to remove cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) ions from aqueous solutions. Influences of initial heavy metal concentrations, contact time, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial pH on removal of cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) ions were studied under batch mode of operation. Both the adsorption process of cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Adsorption isotherm parameters of cadmium (II) and chromium (VI) on dried marigold flower were determined using Langmuir and Freundlich models. Thermodynamic parameters depicted that the process was spontaneous and exothermic under experimental conditions. The maximum removal efficiency of cadmium (II) was obtained as 83% at contact time 75 min and pH 5. The maximum removal efficiency of chromium (VI) was found as 96% at contact time 105 min and pH 3. Dried marigold flower showed active reusability characteristics upto three consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles

Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Toxicity Studies of Titanocene Chelates of Isatin-3-Thiosemicarbazones

The reactions of bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) dichloride with a new class of thiosemicarbazone (LH2), derived by condensing isatin with different N(4)-substituted thiosemicarbazides, have been studied and products of type [Cp2Ti(L)] have been isolated. On the basis of various physico-chemical and spectral studies, five coordinate structures have been assigned to these derivatives. Toxicity studies of titanocene complexes at tbur different concentrations have been carried out against snail Lymnaea acuminata. The effect of most potent compounds on the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which inhibits the activity of enzyme, possibly by the formation of enzyme-inhibitor complex, was also studied