Restorative justice and youth violence towards parents

This chapter presents three cases of sons’ violence against mothers that were handled by a diversionary youth conference, a restorative justice process. Drawing on interviews with conference coordinators and victims, the analysis considers the histories, contexts, and dynamics of the violence; what happened in the conference, including gendered power dynamics and re-victimization; and the women’s experiences during the conference and post-conference. The literature on youth parental violence and debates on the appropriateness of restorative justice for domestic or partner violence cases is reviewed and assessed. The dynamics of male youth offender cases are similar to those of their adult counterparts; and thus, the youth cases provide insight on the strengths and limits of restorative justice for partner violence

Phosphorus fertiliser equivalent value of dairy processing sludge-derived STRUBIAS products using ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Background: Struvite, biochar and ash products (collectively known as STRUBIAS) derived from different waste streams are used as fertilisers in agriculture. Raw dairy processing sludge (DPS) shows promise as bio-based fertilisers, but secondary STRUBIAS-derived products need further testing as fertilisers.Aims: The objective of this study was to calculate the phosphorus mineral fertiliser equivalency (P-MFE) for some STRUBIAS products derived from DPS.Methods:Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) pot trials were used to determine the P-MFE using the apparent P recovery (APR) method for Fe-DPS and DPS-derived struvites (Struvite 1–4), hydrochars (HC1–3) and ash.Results: The tested STRUBIAS products can be divided into two groups: (1) a range of products that can (i.e. Struvite 1–3) and (2) cannot (i.e. Struvite 4, HC1–3, ash and Fe-DPS) be considered fertilisers. In the first group, the P-MFE ranged from 66.8% to 76.7% for ryegrass and from 77.9% to 93.5% for spring wheat grain. In the second group, the P-MFE ranged from 7.8% to 58.3% for ryegrass and from −34.5% to −151.3% for spring wheat grain. The negative agronomic effects of some products for wheat grain (struvite and HC) in this study were mainly caused by high Fe content, which could be overcome by improved treatment processes.Conclusions: Future policy and research must be aware that not all the DPS-derived STRUBIAS products are suitable as fertilisers and therefore need to be tested individually.</p