Ultra-high aspect ratio replaceable AFM tips using deformation-suppressed focused ion beam milling:Paper

Fabrication of ultra-high aspect ratio exchangeable and customizable tips for atomic force microscopy (AFM) using lateral focused ion beam (FIB) milling is presented. While on-axis FIB milling does allow high aspect ratio (HAR) AFM tips to be defined, lateral milling gives far better flexibility in terms of defining the shape and size of the tip. Due to beam-induced deformation, it has so far not been possible to define HAR structures using lateral FIB milling. In this work we obtain aspect ratios of up to 45, with tip diameters down to 9 nm, by a deformation-suppressing writing strategy. Several FIB milling strategies for obtaining sharper tips are discussed. Finally, assembly of the HAR tips on a custom-designed probe as well as the first AFM scanning is shown

DYSMON II. Dynamik in Sulfid- und Methanbiotopen der Ost- und Nordsee. Abschlussbericht. Bd. 1

Working from the results of DYSMON I the purpose of the DYSMON II project was to examine the emergence of sulphidic, low-oxygen environments and microorganismic and faunal responses to this. The focus was on determining the resilience of ecologically important organisms after sudden drops in sulphide concentration and tolerance of oxygen deficiency and sulphide. Whereas in DYSMON I samples had largely been taken from natural sites, DYSMON II made use of ecological manipulation experiments (tarpaulin covers) so as to simulate natural covering with algae. A real-life experiment took place at Hiddensee in May 1995 when the effects of a very thick layer of algae were examined. This natural occurrence of an anoxic, sulphidic environment permitted a comparison with the experimentally induced anoxia in the sediments. (orig.)Das Projekt DYSMON II untersuchte, aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen von DYSMON I, die Entstehung sulfidischer, sauerstoffarmer Lebensbereiche und die darauf folgende Reaktion von Mikroorganismen und Fauna. Schwerpunkte lagen dabei auf der Ermittlung der Resilienz oekologisch wichtiger Organismen nach 'Sulfideinbruechen' und auf Untersuchungen zur Toleranz gegenueber Sauerstoffmangel und Sulfid. Waren waehrend DYSMON I ueberwiegend natuerliche Standorte beprobt worden, so konnten waehrend DYSMON II oekologische Manipulationsexperimente (Planenabdeckung) vorgenommen werden, um natuerliche Algenabdeckungen zu simulieren. Als Realexperiment gelang es, im Mai 1995 am Standort Hiddensee die Auswirkung einer sehr dicken Algenschicht zu erfassen. Diese natuerliche Entstehung von anoxischen, sulfidischen Bedingungen erlaubte einen Vergleich mit der experimentell induzierten Anoxie in den Sedimenten. (orig.)Available from TIB Hannover: F97B1291 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman