Calibration and accuracy assessment of Leica ScanStation C10 terrestrial laser scanner

Requirement of high accuracy data in surveying applications has made calibration procedure a standard routine for all surveying instruments. This is due to the assumption that all observed data are impaired with errors. Thus, this routine is also applicable to terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to make it available for surveying purposes. There are two calibration approaches: (1) component, and (2) system calibration. With the intention to specifically identify the errors and accuracy of the Leica ScanStation C10 scanner, this study investigates component calibration. Three components of calibration were performed to identify the constant, scale error, accuracy of angular measurement and the effect of angular resolution for distance measurement. The first calibration has been processed using closed least square solutions and has yielded the values of constant (1.2 mm) and scale error (1.000008879). Using variance ratio test (F-Test), angles observation (horizontal and vertical) for Leica C10 scanner and Leica TM5100A theodolite have shown significance difference. This is because the accuracy of both sensors are not similar and these differences are 0.01 and 0.0075º for horizontal and vertical measurements, respectively. Investigation on the resolution setting for Leica C10 scanner has highlighted the drawback of the tilt-and-turn target. Using the highest resolution, Leica Cyclone software only able to recognize the tilt-and-turn target up to 10 m distance compare to 200 m for the black and white target

Potensi Limbah Sagu (Metroxylon SP.) Di Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi Barat Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti Sebagai Substrat Penghasil Biogas

Biogas is one of alternative energy sources that fulfills future fuel needs. This studyaimed to analyse the potency of sago waste as fermentation substrate for biogasproduction. This research was done experimentally by employing sago waste materialsobtained from Sago Factory Nambus River from District West Tebing Tinggi Sub-province Meranti and fresh cow rumen liquid was obtained from slaughterhouse inPekanbaru. The biogas volume was calculated by measuring the volume of water thatwas pushed every 3 days, where the volume of water driven was proportional to thevolume of biogas produced. The bacterial cell numbers was counted using plate countmethod employing Nutrient Agar (NA). The substrate fermentation temperature and pHwere measured every 3 days. The highest biogas volume was produced by fermenter III(45760 ml) containing solid sago waste, liquid sago waste, and rumen liquid with ratio 1: 1 : 1 and the lowest was produced by fermenter II (1600 ml). The total bacterialinvolved in biogas production ranges from 1,87x10 5 – 2,87x10 8 CFU/ml samples. Thetemperature and pH of substrate fermetation was relatively constant during biogasproduction. The results showed that sago waste is potential as substrate for biogasproduction

Comparison of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient and Friction Factor of TiO2 Nanofluid flow in a tube with Twisted Tape Inserts

Nanofluids have gained extensive attention due to their role in improving the efficiency of thermal systems. The present study reports a further enhancement in heat transfer coefficients in combination with structural modifications of flow systems namely, the addition of tape inserts. Experiments are undertaken to determine heat transfer coefficients and friction factor of TiO2/water nanofluid up to 3.0% volume concentration at an average temperature of 30 C. The investigations are undertaken in the Reynolds number range of 8000-30,000 for flow in tubes and with tapes of different twist ratios. A significant enhancement of 23.2% in the heat transfer coefficients is observed at 1.0% concentration for flow in a tube. With the use of twisted tapes, the heat transfer coefficient increased with decrease in twist ratio for water and nanofluid. The heat transfer coefficient and friction factor are respectively 81.1% and 1.5 times greater at Re ¼ 23,558 with 1.0% concentration and twist ratio of 5, compared to values with flow of water in a tube. An increase in the nanofluid concentration to 3.0% decreased heat transfer coefficients to values lower than water for flow in a tube and with tape inserts. A thermal system with tape insert of twist ratio 15 and 1.0% TiO2 concentration gives maximum advantage ratio, if pressure drop is considered along with enhancement in heat transfer coefficient

The Evolution of Android Malware and Android Analysis Techniques

Publisher policy: author can archive post-print on institutional repository. Publisher's version/PDF cannot be used. Publisher copyright and source must be acknowledged. Must link to publisher version with statement that this is the definitive version and DOI. Must state that version on repository is the authors versio

Chemical Precipitation and Coatings of Tin Selenide

Tin selenide were prepared chemically in alkaline aqueous solution. The crystalline powder was coated onto microscope glass slides using polyvinyl alcohol solution. The coatings were subjected to annealing at various temperatures to study the effect towards the structure, morphology and composition of the material. The product prepared was characterised using various techniques. The photoresponse for the samples were also studied. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell configuration was p-SnSe | (0.01 M K4Fe(CN)6¾0.01 M K3Fe(CN)6.3H2O¾0.1 M Na2SO4| Pt)

Improving plant growth and yield of jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) through apical bud pinching

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the time of apical pinching and genotype on plant growth, flowering time, and yield of Jatropha curcas L. at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia during 2008–2009. Three pinching treatments were used: no pinching or control (P0), pinching during transplanting (P1), and pinching at 30 days after transplanting (P2). Highly significant effect of time of pinching and genotype on plant growth and seed yield was observed. The plant height was significantly reduced by pinching the plant at 30 days after transplanting (72.4 cm) compared to pinching during transplanting (80.0 cm) and no pinching (95.5 cm). The maximum number of primary branches per plant (3.1) with more leaves per plant (113.2) and less plant height (72.2 cm) at first flowering was recorded with pinching at 30 days after transplanting. Among the treatments, unpinched plants produced flowers earlier than the pinched one. The highest number of fruits and seeds per plant along with higher seed yield was recorded in plants pinching at 30 days after transplanting. The maximum number of flowering branches was produced by genotype JC-14 followed by JC-18. The genotypes JC-13, JC-14, JC-17, JC-18, and JC-20 were found to be suitable in respect of reduced plant height; larger number of primary branches per plant; early flowering; and number of fruits, seeds, and seed yield per plant upon pinching

Comparison of camera calibration parameters using Photomodeler and Australis

Photomodeler and Australis are two common photogrammetry software that provide camera calibration, and the camera calibration parameters. Each software uses different calibration approach (circular point detection in Australis and intersection of lines in Photomodeler). This paper compares the calibration parameters of Canon IXUS S400 PowerShot digital camera using both Photomodeler and Australis. During calibration, several images were taken with the same camera setting and the distance from the camera to the calibration field was 0.8 meter. All seven camera calibration parameters obtained from the software are compared and tested for statistical significance. The seven parameters are focal length, xp, yp, radial distortion ( K1 and K2 ) and tangential distortion ( P1 and P2 )

Capacity enrichment OCDMA based on algorithm of novel flexible cross correlation (FCC) address code

The flexible cross-correlation (FCC) address code for Spectral-Amplitude Coding Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access (SACOCDMA) systems has been developed.The FCC code has advantages, such as flexible cross-correlation property at any given number of users and weights, as well as effectively suppressed the impact of phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) and multiple-access interference (MAI) cancellation property.The results revealed that the FCC code can accommodate 150 users, where FCC code offers 66 %, 172 %, 650 % and 900 % improvement as a contrast to 90, 55, 20 and 15 number of users for dynamic cyclic shift (DCS), modified double weight (MDW), modified frequency hopping (MFH) and Hadamard codes, respectively, for a permissible bit error rate (BER) of 10−9