The importance of perfusion index monitoring in evaluating the efficacy of stellate ganglion blockage treatment in Raynaud’s disease

Stellate ganglion blockage (SGB) is a method used for treating Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP). This study primarily aimed to determine whether the perfusion index (PI) can be used an alternative to Horner’s signs in evaluating the efficacy of SGB in patients diagnosed with RP. In a total of 40 patients, aged 18–65 years and diagnosed with primary RP, SGB was applied for 5 days on the same side with the 2-finger method, using 6 mL of 5% levobupivacaine at the 7th cervical vertebra level. The PI values were recorded from the distal end of the 2nd finger of the upper extremity on the side applied with the block at baseline and at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. The onset time of Horner findings was recorded. The PI values and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores were recorded pre-treatment and after 2 weeks.When the PI values of the 40 patients were examined, a 62.7% increase was observed from baseline to the first session at 5 min (p < 0.05). When all sessions were evaluated, a statistically significant increase was determined in the PI values measured at 5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min compared with the baseline PI values. There was a statistically significant decrease in the post-treatment VAS pain scores and a statistically significant increase in the post-treatment PI values (p < 0.05). By eliminating peripheral vasospasm with the application of SGB in patients with RP, the distal artery blood flow and PI are increased. PI measurement is a more objective method and therefore could be used as an alternative to Horner findings in evaluating the success of SGB. PI is a non-invasive and simple measurement and also an earlier indicator in evaluating the success of SGB than Horner’s signs.Keywords: Raynaud’s phenomenon; perfusion index; stellate ganglion blockage; pain; Horner's sig

Microplastic Occurrence in the Gastrointestinal Tract of a Risso’s Dolphin Grampus griseus in the Northeastern Mediterranean Sea

Risso’s dolphin Grampus griseus was stranded on the coast of Arsuz-Uluçınar, Iskenderun Bay, Tur-key in the northeastern Mediterranean on 29 March 2022. This study was conducted to reveal the relationshipbetweenG.griseusandmicroplasticdebrisinthenortheasternMediterraneanSea.The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of one stranding G. griseus was examined, and 454 microplastics particles were extracted. Of all, the majority of them were fibers (96%), black in colour (62%), and 0.5-1 mm in size (38%).This paper represents the first data indicating the microplastic abundance in G. griseus from the northeastern Mediterranean Sea. Also, it creates a baseline to understand the relationship between cetaceans and microplastics in this region

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAROTID ARTERY DOPPLER FLOW VELOCITY AND EXTENT OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Conclusion: To Patients with carotid artery disease have a high incidence of concomitant coronary artery disease, which is not different between the patients treated conservatively and stenting. In addition, the extension of coronary artery disease (not the presence) were associated with these two Doppler parameters

Manav köylerinde aile yapısı (İzmit örneği)

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sınırlı kaynaklara sahip olan küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin en fazla verim sağlayabilecek yatırım alanlarına yönlendirilmesini sağlamak için takip edilmesi gereken yolu göstermek ve yapılan uygulama ile de anlatılanları somutlaştırmaktır. Çalışmanın, birinci aşamasında literatür taranarak yatırım kavramı ele alınmış ve yatırım ile ilgili tanımlar verilerek gerekli açıklamalar yapılmıştır. İkinci aşamada teknik olarak niteleyebileceğimiz pazar araştırması, yer seçimi ve kapasiteyle ilgili açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada mali analiz yapılmıştır. Bu bölümde sabit yatırım tutarının tespit edilmesi, işletme sermayesinin hesaplanması, gelir ve giderlerin bütçelenmesi anlatılmıştır. Bulunan sonuçların finansal değerlendirme metodlarına göre analizi yapılmıştır. Özellikle bu bölümde sayısal örnekler verilerek açıklamalara derinlik katılması hedeflenmiştir. Hazırlanan tezin bir parçası olarak Gazbeton sanayisine yönelik bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada; pazar araştırması, teknik analizler ve maliye analizler mevcuttur. Teoride anlatılan yöntemler bu çalışma ile uygulamaya aktarılmıştır. Uygulamanın sonucunda: bugünkü ekonomik kriz göz önünde bulundurulduğundan Gazbeton yatırımının riskli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ancak ekonomik göstergeler olumlu seyir izlemeye başladığı zaman bu yatırımı gerçekleştirmenin doğru bir karar olacağı ifade edilebilir.Small and Middle Sized Industries are the main elements for a healty processing of the marketing conditions. They're the main poles that supports the economy by the contribute to economy, investing capital and paying taxes. Because of the importence of these institutions. they have to behave carefully to contiune their activities healtly. The main objektives of this study are; to show the way that must be followed to can direct the small and middle sized industries to the most productvite investment areas, and to sec explains with the practise. In the first chapter, investment concept is investigated by literature search. In the second chapter some explains are given about market research and capacii>. In the third chapter, financial analysis is made. In this chapter, there are explainiations about fixed-investment total and calculation of investment capital. Analysis of results are made according to the financial methods. Esspecially quantitative examples are given in this chapter. An investigetron is done about Gazbeton Industry as a part of this study. In this investigation there are market research, technical analysis and financial analysis. The methods that they explain teorical are transfered to practicion with this part. At the result of the practice we saw that the investment has risk. But if the economic charts are positive, we can realize the investment. XI

Effect of electronic charge distribution on some physical properties of the molecular system

Elektronik yük dağılımının moleküler sistemin bazı fiziksel özelliklerine etkisini incelemek için nitrobenzen molekülü ve para substitue türevleri p-nitroanilin, p-nitrofenol moleküllerine ait moleküler orbital (MO) dalga fonksiyonu, elektron ve yük yoğunluğu, bağ mertebesi ve bağ uzunluğ, geçiş ve delokalizasyon enerjisi hesaplamaları yapıldı. Bu moleküllerin dipol momentleri hesaplandı. Farklı çözgenlerdeki UV spektrumları elde edildi. UV maksimum soğurma dalga boyları ile HMO geçiş enerjileri arasında doğrusal ilişki gözlendi. Benzen, n-propanol ve n-butanol çözgenleri kullanılarak n-n' geçişlerine çözgen etkisi incelendi. IR spektrumları elde edildi ve spektrumlardaki C-No₂ gerilme frekansları belirlenerek bağ mertebeleri ile aralarındaki doğrusal ilişki buludu. Ayrıca kırılma indisi ölçümleri bazı çözeltilerde hidrojen bağı oluştuğunu gösterdi.To determine the effect of electronic charge distribution on the same physical properties of moleculer system, the molecular orbital (MO) wave functions, the electron and charge densities, the bond orders, the bond lengths, the transition and the delocalization energies have been calculated for the nitrobenzene molecule and its para substituted derivatives p-nitroaniline, p-nitrophenol. The dipole moments of these molecules have been calculated. The UV spectrums of the investigated substances in different solvents have been obtained. There was a linear relationship between the maximum absorption wave numbers and the HMO transition energies. The effects of different solvents on the n-n' transitions were seen. The solvents were benzene, n-propanol and n-butanol. The characteristic bands due to C-N0₂ stretching in the IR spectra were determined. The frequencies of this vibration mode are increased with increasing bond orders. In addition, the refractive index measurements have shown the existence of hydrogen bond formation in some solutions

Paradoxic relations between basilar artery reconfiguration and superior cervical ganglia ischemia after bilateral common carotid artery ligation

Background: The relationship between superior cervical ganglia (SCG) ischemia due to bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCCAL) and basilar artery (BA) reconfiguration was investigated. Methods: Twenty-three rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups: group III rabbits underwent BCCAL (n = 13), group II rabbits were sham-operated controls (n = 5), and group I rabbits did not undergo surgery (n = 5). Degenerated neuron densities (DND) within the SCG were correlated with the BA vasodilatation index (VDI). Results: Mean live and DND in SCG of group I rabbits were 11.235 ± 982/μm3 and 11 ± 3/μm3, respectively, with a mean heart rate of 294 ± 21 beats/min. Mean SCG DND and heart rates were 213 ± 42/μm3 and 242 ± 17 beats/min for the sham group (group II) rabbits and 1743 ± 285/μm3 and 199 ± 19 beats/min for the study group (group III) rabbits, respectively. The BA VDI values in the sham group (group II) (1.32 ± 0.10) and the study group (group III) (0.976 ± 0.112) significantly differed from those in the control group (group I) (1.65 ± 0.12; P < 0.005) versus the sham group (group II) (P < 0.0001) versus the BCCAL applied group (group III) and between group II and group III (P < 0.005). Conclusions: A meaningful and paradoxic correlation was detected between the BA VDI values and degenerated neuron density of SCG after BCCAL. Although a low degenerated neuron density within SCG may provoke excessive sympathetic activity and prevent excessive BA dilatation with steno-occlusive carotid artery diseases, a high degenerated neuron density may cause dangerous vasodilatation of BA

Potential growth prospects: Risks, rewards, and policies

Potential output growth around the world slowed over the past two decades. This slowdown is expected to continue in the remainder of the 2020s: global potential growth is projected to average 2.2 percent per year in 2022-30, 0.4 percentage point below its 2011-21 average. Emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) will face an even steeper slowdown, of about 1.0 percentage point to 4.0 percent per year on average during 2022-30. The slowdown will be widespread, affecting most EMDEs and countries accounting for 70 percent of global GDP. Global potential growth over the remainder of this decade could be even slower than projected in the baseline scenario - by another 0.2-0.9 percentage point a year - if investment growth, improvements in health and education outcomes, or developments in labor markets disappoint, or if adverse events materialize. A menu of policy options is available to help reverse the trend of weakening economic growth, including policies to enhance physical and human capital accumulation; to encourage labor force participation by women and older adults; to improve the efficiency of public spending; and to mitigate and adapt to climate change, including infrastructure investment to facilitate the green transition