The effect of varenicline on Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio in healthy smokers and nonsmokers

Background: Varenicline could affect the T wave and QT interval. The interval from the peak to the end of the electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave (Tp-e) may correspond to the transmural dispersion of repolarization, and increased Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio are associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias. In this study, we assessed the effects of varenicline on Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio. Methods: Thirty healthy volunteers (15 healthy non-smokers [NS] and 15 healthy smokers [S]) were included in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Varenicline (2 mg single dose) or placebo was administered in two different testing sessions (5 days after the first period, performed the second period). Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio were assessed in the supine position and during handgrip exercise before and after the participants were given placebo or varenicline. Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio were calculated from continuous ECG recordings and averages were used in the final analysis. Result: There were no statistically significant differences among any of the Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio before and after placebo administration in both groups (S and NS). In the S group, Tp-e and QTc interval, and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratio were significantly increased after varenicline administration (Tp-e: 64.28 ± 8.78 vs. 70.42 ± ± 13.12; p = 0.02, QTc: 409.57 ± 28.17 vs. 425.28 ± 32.79; p = 0.02, Tp-e/QT: 0.18 ± 0.02 vs. 0.19 ± 0.03; p = 0.04, Tp-e/QTc: 0.17 ± 0.02 vs. 0.19 ± 0.02; p = 001) but these parameters were not changed in the NS group. Conclusions: Tp-e and QTc interval, and Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratio were increased after varenicline administration in smoker

Effects of peat-based media amended with natural zeolite on seedling morphology of Fraxinus excelsior and Robinia pseudoacacia

Bu çalışmada, saf ve karışım olarak (torf, perlit ve zeolit) farklı yetiştirme ortamlarının Erzurum Orman Fidanlığında sera ve açık alan koşullarında yetiştirilen 1+0 yaşlı Enso tipi tüplü Fraxinus excelsior L. ve Robinia pseudoacacia L. fidanlarının morfolojik özellikleri üzerine etkisi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada 5 farklı yetişme ortamının yalancı akasya ve dişbudak fidanlarının morfolojileri üzerinde etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, %10 zeolit katkılı ortamlarda yetiştirilen 1+0 tüplü fidanların morfolojik değerlerinde zeolit katkılı ortam olması durumunda önemli bir düşüş belirlenmemiştir. Zeolit katklılı yetiştirme ortamlarının fidan morfolojik değerleri dikkate alındığında her iki türde de ümit vermekle birlikte, dikim başarısını ortaya koyabilmek amacı ile dikimi takiben fidanların en az 3-5 yıl takip edilmesi gerekmektedir. Kaplı fidan üretiminde zeolit’in yetişme ortamında kullanılması tüp harcı maliyetini düşürme yönünde de fayda sağlayacaktır.This study was designed to investigate the influence of growth media based on peat (P), perlite (T) and zeolite (Z) on morphological attributes of container-grown seedlings of Fraxinus excelsior L. ve Robinia pseudoacacia L. Thirty seedlings with three replications from each treatment after the first growing season were destructively harvested and a variety of morphological traits measured in both species. Zeolite added to mixtures of growing media (10% zeolite) did not reduce the morphological traits of the seedlings. Zeolite from Turkey can be used as an additive material in the propagation of seedlings. Since Turkey has 45.8 billions of zeolite potential, using zeolite in container tree nurseries in Turkey may reduce the costs significantly. In order to be able to make a better assessment in order to use zeolit as an additive growing medium, the performance and growth of the seedlings should be observed in field for at least 3-5 years