EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM LEAVES EXTRACT

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HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM LEAVES EXTRACT IN CCl4 INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS

Objective- Hepatoprotective activity of Chenopodium album leaves extract in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Method- The present study has been undertaken to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of Chenopodium album leaves extract in CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The study was carried out by comparing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline Phosphate, Direct Bilirubin, Total Bilirubin and Total proteins level in serum of different groups of rats. Histopathological study was also done on liver tissue of the all group of animals and compared with standard, positive control and negative control groups. Result- Rats treated with Chenopodium album leave extract caused a significant reduction in SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphate, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin. Level of total proteins was found retrieving towards normalcy. Level of these enzymes was almost comparable to standard drug i.e. Silymarin. Hepatoprotective activity was confirmed by histopathological study of liver tissue of control and treated animals. Conclusion- From results it can be concluded that Chenopodium album possess hepatoprotective activity against CCl4­ induced liver toxicity in rats

Oral hypoglycemic drugs: An overview

The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of oral hypoglycemic agents in obese Type-2 diabetic patients. The objectives are to compare fasting and postprandial blood sugar (PPBS) levels, to compare body mass index in all the groups and to identify glycosylated hemoglobin levels and adverse drug reaction in all the groups. Diabetes mellitus is one of the world’s major diseases. It currently affects an estimated143 million people worldwide and the number is growing rapidly. In the India, about 1-5% population suffer from diabetes or related complication. So there is need to cure this disease. Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral anti hyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Insulin must be used in Type 1, which must be injected or inhaled. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Treatments include agents which increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, agents which increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin , and agents which decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Keywords: hypoglycemic, blood suger, insulin, diabetes mellitus, pancrea

HERBS AS TRADITIONAL MEDICINES: A REVIEW

Ayurveda is believed to have originated over 6000 years ago It was designed to promote good health and long life rather than to fight disease and was practiced by physicians and surgeons (called Bheshaja or vaidya) but recently herbal medicine have attracted much attention as alternative medicines useful for treating or preventing life-style related disorders. Herbs are the nature’s gift to human being to make disease free well life. The diverse tradition of India is a prosperous source of traditional medicines, many of which are of plant origin. Herbal medicines refers to the use of any plant’s seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark or flowers for medicinal purpose. There are different sources of drug. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of drug namely synthetic and natural. Many drugs used in medicine today are developed by chemical synthesis. A recognized number of drugs are obtained from natural sources. The most important natural sources of drugs are (1) higher plants, (2) microbes, (3) animals and (4) marine organisms. Keywords: Ayurveda, Traditional medicines, higher plants, microbes, marine organism

PREPARATION OF CONTROLLED RELEASE METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE LOADED CHITOSAN MICROSPHERES AND EVALAUTION OF FORMULATION PARAMETERS

In this work an attempt was made for the preparation and evaluation of controlled release chitosan microspheres using anti-diabetes drug Metformin hydrochloride. The microspheres were prepared by Ionotropic gelation method using chitosan as polymer and Sodium Tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinking agent. The compatibility of drug and polymer is analyzed by using FTIR and DSC method. There was no interaction detected by FTIR and DSC study. Further the prepared microspheres were evaluated for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, drug content, drug loading and in vitro drug release. Amongst all the formulation batch 7 shows the best release when compared to other batch. SEM (Scanning electron microscopy) revealed that microspheres were spherical and porous. Finally it was concluded that Metformin hydrochloride loaded chitosan – TPP microspheres have been found suitable for controlled release formulation due to its bioavailability and biodegradability and thus lead to improved patient compliance. Keywords: Microspheres, Metformin hydrochloride, Ionotropic gelation method, chitosan

SCREENING OF VARIOUS BIVOLTINE HYBRIDS OF SILKWORM BOMBYX MORI L. FOR DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY DURING MONSOON SEASON IN UTTAR PRADESH

ABSTRACT Bombyx mori has long been reared as a beneficial insect in the sericulture industry and as an experimental laboratory insect. In tropical countries like India, grasserie, (BmNPV) spreads by the occultation bodies (OBs) in the blood cell of infected silkworm, usually high temperature and humidity prevalent in tropical regions is conductive to proliferation of polyhedrosis disease. It is known to occur in all larval instars during all seasons causing 20-50% cocoon crop losses in India. In the present study, four promising bivoltine hybrids will be screened for their susceptibility to BmNPV and BmIFV, Muscardine and other diseases and the susceptibility status has been compared across monsoon season of Uttar Pradesh. This will help in selecting most promising race for monsoon season of which will be least susceptibility to different Silkworm diseases Viz., Grasserie, Bacterial flacherie, Muscardine and % other diseases (DNV, CPV, IFV, Sotto disease) and farmer will face less difficulty during silkworm rearing and will have no fear of attack of diseases. It will lead to further adoption and spread of Sericulture in other districts of Uttar Pradesh

Stage-specific functions of Semaphorin7A during adult hippocampal neurogenesis rely on distinct receptors

The guidance protein Semaphorin7A (Sema7A) is required for the proper development of the immune and nervous systems. Despite strong expression in the mature brain, the role of Sema7A in the adult remains poorly defined. Here we show that Sema7A utilizes different cell surface receptors to control the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), one of the select regions of the mature brain where neurogenesis occurs. PlexinC1 is selectively expressed in early neural progenitors in the adult mouse DG and mediates the inhibitory effects of Sema7A on progenitor proliferation. Subsequently, during differentiation of adult-born DG granule cells, Sema7A promotes dendrite growth, complexity and spine development through β1-subunit-containing integrin receptors. Our data identify Sema7A as a key regulator of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, providing an example of how differential receptor usage spatiotemporally controls and diversifies the effects of guidance cues in the adult brain