Practices of contraception among rural people in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh: a cross-sectional study

Background: As per the census 2011, the provisional population of India is about population of 1.21 billion. It is now estimated that by 2030, India will most likely overtake China to become the most populous country on the earth. India was the first country in the world to officially launch a national family planning programme (NFPP) in 1952 to reduce birth rate and to stabilize the population at a level consistent with the requirement of national economy.  Protecting the young couple from unwanted fertility and educating them to adopt their desired family through informed choice, are among the prerequisites to achieve a TFR of 2.1. To study the prevalence of contraceptive methods among rural population and to study the reasons for not using family planning methods among eligible couples.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was done among 600 married women in reproductive age, in the three randomly selected Primary health centre areas, one each from the three revenue divisions of Nellore, dated from June 2011 to May 2012.Results: The contraception prevalence rate was 56.3% among whom 91.4% adopted permanent family planning methods.Conclusions: The contraceptive prevalence rate in the study subjects was 56% which was lower than that reported in NFHS-III (67%). Majority of the women opted for permanent sterilization when compared to spacing methods.</jats:p

A Study on the Association of Socio-Demographic Variables with Contraception Usage among Married Women of Reproductive Age group In Rural Areas of Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh

Context:India was the first country in the world to launch National Family Planning Program (NFPP) in 1952 to stabilise population and reduce birth rate, since then the program has undergone various changes in its&nbsp; philosophy as well as scientific approaches. Although the fertility rates are declining in our country, the extreme contrasting and complex demographic landscape with variations in contraceptive behaviour differs not only in state but also between administrative blocks within the state. The state of Andhra Pradesh was among the earliest states to reach Total Fertility (TFR) of 1.79 by the year 2005-06. Hence this was carried out to study the association of socio demographic variables with the contraceptive practices among the Married women in the reproductive age group(15-45 years) in rural areas of Nellore Distrcit, Andhra Pradesh. Aims:To study the association of socio-demographic variables with contraceptive usage among the married women in reproductive age group of rural areas of Nellore District.Material and Methods:This is a cross sectional study done in the community for a period of one year at three randomly selected Primary Health Centers (PHC) of Nellore district. Considering 71% of prevalence of contraception in the National Family Health Survey( NFHS-4), sample size was calculated with 5% level of significance with allowable error of 10% to 179 ( assuming a non response rate of 10%) , which was rounded to 200. A multistage sampling method was adopted whereby ‘1’ PHC from each of the revenue divisions of the district was selected&nbsp; and it was decided to interview 200 married women in each of the “3” PHCs ( n=600). From each PHC , “5” sub centres were randomly selected wherein “40” subjects were interviewed using systematic random sampling. Statistical analysis used:Univariate analysis using χ2 test and stepwise logistic regression analysis ( method = forward) was done to determine significant differences and associations of various parameters with contraceptive usage. Results:Contraceptive prevalence was 56% ( n=338). Among whom 74.5% of the women were between the age group of 20-29 years. The usage of contraceptives increased with the age of women( 28% of 20-24 years to 38% at 25-29 years of age group ( p &lt; 0.0001). We observed a high statistical significance in women ( % usage)&nbsp; with 2 children ( 73%) and 1 male child( 57%). The usage of birth spacing has seen a decline with the number of girl children ( p&lt; 0.0001) .Conclusion:Formal education has shown to increase contraceptive usage. Region and socio-economic status has shown no relation with the usage of contraception. The contraceptive usage was largely determined by the gender of the child and its relation to birth spacing needs to be studied further

Thyroid and lipid profile in chronic kidney disease in Southern India

Background: The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to a multitude of comorbidities, such as thyroid dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. Objective were to determine the thyroid and serum lipid profile of CKD patients and to establish correlation between severity of renal disease with these 2 metabolic parameters.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted among the 100 CKD patients over 1 year admitted in the department of urology and nephrology at our hospital.Results: There were 66 (66%) male patients and 36 (36%) female patients among the 100 patients. There were no patients in grade 1, whereas there were 2, 20, 66, and 12 patients in grades 2-5 CKD, respectively. In each grade of CKD, the mean age, eGFR, urea, creatinine, thyroid profile, and lipid profile were computed individually. The levels of urea, creatinine, and eGFR differed significantly across CKD grades 2-5. The thyroid profile differed significantly across CKD grades 2-5. The lipid profile differed significantly across CKD grades 2-5, with p=0.000, &gt;0.05, 0.000, &gt;0.05, &gt;0.05 for total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, respectively.Conclusions: The number of patients increases with decreasing T3 and T4 and increasing thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) proportionate to the severity of the renal failure. In addition, hypothyroidism is becoming more common in people with chronic renal disease. Serum triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels rise statistically significantly in CKD grades 3-5 patients.</jats:p