Tumor-associated CD3- and CD8-positive immune cells in colorectal cancer : The additional prognostic value of CD8+-to-CD3+ ratio remains debatable

Funding Information: This study was financially supported by the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility of Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (CH), the Finnish Cancer Foundation (CH), Finska Läkaresällskapet (CH, CB, JK, IB-L), the Sigrid Jusélius Foundation (CH, JK), and the K Albin Johanssons Foundation (TK, IB-L). Funding Information: This study was financially supported by the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility of Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (CH), the Finnish Cancer Foundation (CH), Finska L?kares?llskapet (CH, CB, JK, IB-L), the Sigrid Jus?lius Foundation (CH, JK), and the K Albin Johanssons Foundation (TK, IB-L). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 - The authors. Published by IOS Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0).BACKGROUND: A large number of infiltrating CD3- and CD8-positive inflammatory cells indicates an improved survival in colorectal cancer (CRC), similar to many other cancers. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prognostic value of different combinations of CD3- and CD8-positive immune cells in CRC patients. METHODS: The densities of CD3- and CD8-positive cells in intratumoral and stromal tissues were evaluated from 539 patients, for which we calculated a CD3 tumor-stroma index, a CD8 tumor-stroma index, and a CD3-CD8 tumor-stroma index. RESULTS: High CD3 and CD8 tumor-stroma indices associated with stage I to II disease (p < 0.001 for both). The CD3 tumor-stroma index associated with a colonic tumor location (p = 0.006), while the CD8 tumor-stroma index associated with right-sided tumors (p < 0.001) and histological grade 3 tumors (p = 0.032). High intratumoral and stromal densities for CD3- and CD8-positive immune cells, the CD3 tumor-stroma index, the CD8 tumor-stroma index, and the CD3-CD8 tumor-stroma index all indicated a better DSS. CONCLUSIONS: The CD3 tumor-stroma index carries a strong prognostic value in CRC, and none of the CD3 and CD8 combinations we analyzed proved superior.Peer reviewe

A process for designing algorithm-based personalized gamification

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Tumor-associated CD3- and CD8-positive immune cells in colorectal cancer: The additional prognostic value of CD8+-to-CD3+ ratio remains debatable

BackgroundA large number of infiltrating CD3- and CD8-positive inflammatory cells indicates an improved survival in colorectal cancer (CRC), similar to many other cancers.ObjectiveWe investigated the prognostic value of different combinations of CD3- and CD8-positive immune cells in CRC patients.MethodsThe densities of CD3- and CD8-positive cells in intratumoral and stromal tissues were evaluated from 539 patients, for which we calculated a CD3 tumor–stroma index, a CD8 tumor–stroma index, and a CD3–CD8 tumor–stroma index.ResultsHigh CD3 and CD8 tumor–stroma indices associated with stage I to II disease (p p = 0.006), while the CD8 tumor–stroma index associated with right-sided tumors (p p = 0.032). High intratumoral and stromal densities for CD3- and CD8-positive immune cells, the CD3 tumor–stroma index, the CD8 tumor–stroma index, and the CD3–CD8 tumor–stroma index all indicated a better DSS.ConclusionsThe CD3 tumor–stroma index carries a strong prognostic value in CRC, and none of the CD3 and CD8 combinations we analyzed proved superior.</p

Imaging of infant brain using near-infrared spectroscopy: a methodological review

NIRS (near-infrared spectroscopy) is a relatively new neuroimaging method that utilizes the attenuation of near-infrared light within tissues and can be used to measure the changes in the concentration of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2 and HbR, respectively) in the tissue. It is a non-invasive method that does not involve strict movement or environment/facility restrictions and can be utilized in many age groups. Due to the challenges of data acquisition in infants and children that other neuroimaging methods (e.g. MRI) possess, NIRS is likely to be one of the key methods to study the developing brain. This review critically complements previous reviews by summarizing the experimental set-up and probe characteristics while highlighting some of the most common problems encountered in NIRS studies on sensory processing (visual, auditory and tactile) in infants. We suggest some ways of making the best procedural choices in future studies to come. We hope that the review will help investigators compare and optimize their experimental set-ups

A Motivation Guided Holistic Rehabilitation of the First Programming Course

It has been estimated that more than two million students started computing studies in 1999 and 650,000 of them either dropped or failed their first programming course. For the individual student, dropping such a course can distract from the completion of later courses in a computing curriculum and may even result in changing their course of study to a curriculum without programming. In this article, we report on how we set out to rehabilitate a troubled first programming course, one for which the dropout statistic and repercussion was evident. The five-year longitudinal case study described in this article began by systematically tracking the pass rate of a first programming course, its throughput, as proposed by the Theory of Constraints. The analyses of these data indicated three main problems in the course: programming discipline difficulty, course arrangement complexity, and limited student motivation. The motivation problem was approached from the Two-Factor Theory point of view. It investigated those factors that led to dissatisfaction among the students, the hygiene factors, and those factors that led to satisfaction, the intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. The course arrangement complexity was found to be a hygiene factor, while the lack of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators contributed to the high dropout rates. The course improvement efforts made no attempt to change the inherent characteristics of the programming discipline, but introduced holistic changes in the course arrangements over a five-year period, from 2005 to 2009, to eliminate the hygiene factors and to increase motivational aspects of the course. This systems approach to course improvement resulted in an increase in the pass rate, from 44% prior to the changes to 68% thereafter, and the overall course atmosphere turned positive. This paper reports on the detailed changes that were made and the improvements that were achieved over this five-year period

Views on Open Data Business from Software Development Companies

The interest towards the concept of open data has increased during the last ten years, as governments and municipalities have decided to open their data repositories. This has led to a new generation of mobile apps, which utilize this data to improve the feature richness and the overall user experience for the customers. In this study, we interviewed representatives of five software organization and discussed their views towards opening data - private and public - and also using the open data in practice. Based on our observations, the companies see very limited scope for the use of open data as a business asset: the main applications seem to gravitate towards function as an additional feature for an existing product, not a source of new innovations or business ventures. The results also illustrate on how little benefit the organizations consider to gain from opening their private data, and what alternatives there are for sharing data in a profitable manner. Additionally, as based on the observations, a strategy classification on the different data sharing methods is formulated and presented