356 research outputs found
Impairment in Activities of Daily Living and unmet need for care among older adults: A population-based study from Burkina Faso
OBJECTIVES: The importance of impairment in performing Activities of Daily Living (ADL) is likely to increase in sub-Saharan Africa since few care options for affected people exist. This study investigated the prevalence of ADL impairment, the extent to which care-need was met and described characteristics of people with ADL impairment and unmet need in Burkina Faso. METHODS: This study used data from the CRSN Heidelberg Aging Study, a population-based study among 3,026 adults aged over 40 years conducted in rural Burkina Faso. Information on six basic ADL items was sought, with a follow-up question asking whether care-needs were not met, partially met or met. Bivariable correlations and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine sociodemographic and health characteristics associated with ADL impairment and unmet need. RESULTS: ADL impairment of any kind was reported by 1,202 (39.7%) respondents and was associated with older age (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 1.05 [95% CI: 1.04-1.06]), being a woman (1.33 [1.06-1.60]) and reporting depressive symptoms (1.90 [1.65-2.18]). Among those with ADL impairment, 67.8% had at least one unmet need. Severe ADL impairment was found in 202 (6.7%) respondents, who reported lower prevalence of unmet need (43.1%). Severe ADL impairment was associated with depressive symptoms (2.55 [2.11-3.07]) to a stronger degree than any ADL impairment. DISCUSSION: Prevalence of ADL impairment and unmet need was high in this setting. Variation in impairment across the population highlighted key groups for future interventions. Unmet need for care was highest in middle-aged adults, indicating a gap in care provision
A recent trend of drug-nanoparticles in suspension for the application in drug delivery
Persistent development in nanomedicine has enabled successful nanosizing of most drug samples which, in turn, imparts remarkable properties to the drugs such as enhanced solubility and bioavailability for the applications in drug delivery In this context several review articles are available in scientific domain covering inorganic nanoparticles such as Au Ag, SPIONs Qdots, carbon nanotubes and graphene; however, this review covers the development of drug nanoparticles together with their possibilities and limitation from ..
Indikatoren einer tiergerechten Mastputenhaltung unter den Bedingungen der ökologischen GeflĂŒgelmast
Ziel der Studie war eine Analyse der HĂ€ufigkeit und des AusprĂ€gungsgrades tierschutzrelevanter VerĂ€nderungen bei Puten, die gemÀà den Bedingungen der EU-Verordnung 889/2008 fĂŒr den ökologischen Landbau gehalten wurden. In zwei DurchgĂ€ngen wurden in neun Aufzucht- und 14 Mastbetrieben 32 Herden mit insgesamt 105.483 Tieren erfasst. Der Tiergesundheitsstatus der einzelnen Herden wurde stichprobenartig an fĂŒnf Zeitpunkten durch Beurteilung von 60 Einzeltieren dokumentiert. Bei jedem Bestandsbesuch wurden auĂerdem Einstreuproben entnommen und ihr Feuchtigkeitsgehalt thermogravimetrisch bestimmt.
Die mittlere kumulierte Verlustrate in der Aufzuchtphase lag bei 3,3 % und in der 16. Lebenswoche bei 4,5%. Am Ende der Aufzuchtphase wiesen bis zu 44 % der untersuchten Tiere Epithelnekrosen an den FuĂballen auf. HĂ€ufigkeit und Schweregrad von BallenverĂ€nderungen nahmen im Verlauf der Mastphase weiter zu. So wurden in der 16. Lebenswoche bei ĂŒber 80 % der untersuchten Puten Ballennekrosen festgestellt.
Am Schlachthof erfolgte eine Aufnahme allgemeiner Daten zur Schlachtung und folgend die visuelle Beschau von 60 Puten je Herde. Der ĂŒberwiegende Teil der Tiere (97,7%) wies zum Zeitpunkt der Schlachtung VerĂ€nderungen der FuĂballen auf, wĂ€hrend BrusthautverĂ€nderungen nur selten dokumentiert wurden. Vermehrt traten weiterhin LeberverĂ€nderungen, insbesondere GrĂŒnfĂ€rbungen auf, wobei deutliche Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Betrieben sowie zwischen den einzelnen DurchgĂ€ngen festgestellt wurden. Auch GelenksverĂ€nderungen waren hĂ€ufige Befunde.
Als ein maĂgeblicher Faktor fĂŒr die Gesunderhaltung eines Putenbestandes ist die BefĂ€higung des bestandsbetreuenden Personenkreises anzusehen, gesundheitliche Probleme frĂŒhzeitig zu erkennen und zeitnah darauf zu reagieren. Neben der QualitĂ€t des Einstreusubstrates inklusive Beurteilung der Kotkonsistenz können HĂ€ufigkeit und AusprĂ€gung von BallenverĂ€nderungen wertvolle Hinweise fĂŒr eine EinschĂ€tzung des Tierhaltungsstandards in einem Bestand liefern und sind als wichtige, einfach erfassbare Tierschutzindikatoren einzustufen . Auch Gelenks- und LeberverĂ€nderungen sind aufgrund hoher PrĂ€valenzen als relevante Tiergesundheitsparameter zu betrachten, die im Rahmen eines Monitorings routinemĂ€Ăig erfasst werden sollten
Nanomedicines towards targeting intracellular Mtb for the treatment of tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causes the most human deaths than any other diseases from a single infectious agent. Treatments are long and costly and have many associated side effects. Intracellular bacilli are slow growing and difficult to target, which is augmenting the emergence of multi?drug resistance. A hallmark trait of TB is the formation of granulomas, chronic cellular aggregates, which limit bacterial growth but provides a survival reservoir where bacilli may disseminate from. Targeting intracellular Mtb is challenging, but nanomedicine may offer a solution. Nanomedicine is a significantly growing research area and offers the potential for specific disease targeting, dosage reduction, and intracellular drug delivery. This review discusses the application of the various forms of nanomedicine towards targeting of Mtb
Coccidian Infection Causes Oxidative Damage in Greenfinches
The main tenet of immunoecology is that individual variation in immune responsiveness is caused by the costs of immune responses to the hosts. Oxidative damage resulting from the excessive production of reactive oxygen species during immune response is hypothesized to form one of such costs. We tested this hypothesis in experimental coccidian infection model in greenfinches Carduelis chloris. Administration of isosporan coccidians to experimental birds did not affect indices of antioxidant protection (TAC and OXY), plasma triglyceride and carotenoid levels or body mass, indicating that pathological consequences of infection were generally mild. Infected birds had on average 8% higher levels of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA, a toxic end-product of lipid peroxidation) than un-infected birds. The birds that had highest MDA levels subsequent to experimental infection experienced the highest decrease in infection intensity. This observation is consistent with the idea that oxidative stress is a causative agent in the control of coccidiosis and supports the concept of oxidative costs of immune responses and parasite resistance. The finding that oxidative damage accompanies even the mild infection with a common parasite highlights the relevance of oxidative stress biology for the immunoecological research
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