2,043 research outputs found
Microencapsulation of magnesium and boron powders for the synthesis of magnesium diboride
Magnesium powders are highly reactive at room temperature and very volatile at elevated temperatures near melting point. This causes some difficulty in synthesizing superconducting magnesium diboride via in-situ reaction of magnesium with boron. It is thus desirable to coat the surface of magnesium with a protective layer of polymer for controlled synthesizing reaction. In the present work, both magnesium and boron particles were coated with cellulose-based polymers. The microencapsulation was carried out by mixing of magnesium/boron powders with cellulose-based polymers dissolved in the organic solvent such as dimethylformamide. Ethanol was then added to the mixture to precipitate polymers on the surface of magnesium and boron. The resulting encapsulated powders exhibited a quite good thermal and chemical stability up to ~300oC. The microencapsulated powders were mixed to give a stoichiometric composition of magnesium diboride, followed by a die compaction. The pellets were then in-situ reacted at different temperatures to form superconducting phase. The encapsulated powders as the starting material resulted in improved superconducting properties due to the controlled reaction of active materials
Accelerating Number Theoretic Transformations for Bootstrappable Homomorphic Encryption on GPUs
Homomorphic encryption (HE) draws huge attention as it provides a way of
privacy-preserving computations on encrypted messages. Number Theoretic
Transform (NTT), a specialized form of Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in the
finite field of integers, is the key algorithm that enables fast computation on
encrypted ciphertexts in HE. Prior works have accelerated NTT and its inverse
transformation on a popular parallel processing platform, GPU, by leveraging
DFT optimization techniques. However, these GPU-based studies lack a
comprehensive analysis of the primary differences between NTT and DFT or only
consider small HE parameters that have tight constraints in the number of
arithmetic operations that can be performed without decryption. In this paper,
we analyze the algorithmic characteristics of NTT and DFT and assess the
performance of NTT when we apply the optimizations that are commonly applicable
to both DFT and NTT on modern GPUs. From the analysis, we identify that NTT
suffers from severe main-memory bandwidth bottleneck on large HE parameter
sets. To tackle the main-memory bandwidth issue, we propose a novel
NTT-specific on-the-fly root generation scheme dubbed on-the-fly twiddling
(OT). Compared to the baseline radix-2 NTT implementation, after applying all
the optimizations, including OT, we achieve 4.2x speedup on a modern GPU.Comment: 12 pages, 13 figures, to appear in IISWC 202
Investigation of the SH3BP2 Gene Mutation in Cherubism
Cherubism is a rare developmental lesion of the jaw that is generally inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Recent studies have revealed point mutations in the SH3BP2 gene in cherubism patients. In this study, we examined a 6-year-old Korean boy and his family. We found a Pro418Arg mutation in the SH3BP2 gene of the patient and his mother. A father and his 30-month-old younger brother had no mutations. Immunohistochemically, the multinucleated giant cells proved positive for CD68 and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Numerous spindle-shaped stromal cells expressed a ligand for receptor activator of nuclear factor kB (RANKL), but not in multinucleated giant cells. These results provide evidence that RANKL plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells to multinucleated giant cells in cherubism. Additionally, genetic analysis may be a useful method for differentiation of cherubism.</p
CiFHER: A Chiplet-Based FHE Accelerator with a Resizable Structure
Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is in the spotlight as a definitive
solution for privacy, but the high computational overhead of FHE poses a
challenge to its practical adoption. Although prior studies have attempted to
design ASIC accelerators to mitigate the overhead, their designs require
excessive amounts of chip resources (e.g., areas) to contain and process
massive data for FHE operations.
We propose CiFHER, a chiplet-based FHE accelerator with a resizable
structure, to tackle the challenge with a cost-effective multi-chip module
(MCM) design. First, we devise a flexible architecture of a chiplet core whose
configuration can be adjusted to conform to the global organization of chiplets
and design constraints. The distinctive feature of our core is a recomposable
functional unit providing varying computational throughput for number-theoretic
transform (NTT), the most dominant function in FHE. Then, we establish
generalized data mapping methodologies to minimize the network overhead when
organizing the chips into the MCM package in a tiled manner, which becomes a
significant bottleneck due to the technology constraints of MCMs. Also, we
analyze the effectiveness of various algorithms, including a novel limb
duplication algorithm, on the MCM architecture. A detailed evaluation shows
that a CiFHER package composed of 4 to 64 compact chiplets provides performance
comparable to state-of-the-art monolithic ASIC FHE accelerators with
significantly lower package-wide power consumption while reducing the area of a
single core to as small as 4.28mm.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure
Toward Practical Privacy-Preserving Convolutional Neural Networks Exploiting Fully Homomorphic Encryption
Incorporating fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) into the inference process
of a convolutional neural network (CNN) draws enormous attention as a viable
approach for achieving private inference (PI). FHE allows delegating the entire
computation process to the server while ensuring the confidentiality of
sensitive client-side data. However, practical FHE implementation of a CNN
faces significant hurdles, primarily due to FHE's substantial computational and
memory overhead. To address these challenges, we propose a set of
optimizations, which includes GPU/ASIC acceleration, an efficient activation
function, and an optimized packing scheme. We evaluate our method using the
ResNet models on the CIFAR-10 and ImageNet datasets, achieving several orders
of magnitude improvement compared to prior work and reducing the latency of the
encrypted CNN inference to 1.4 seconds on an NVIDIA A100 GPU. We also show that
the latency drops to a mere 0.03 seconds with a custom hardware design.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figure, appears at DISCC 2023 (2nd Workshop on Data
Integrity and Secure Cloud Computing, in conjunction with the 56th
International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO 2023)
Influence of bank geometry on the electrical characteristics of printed organic field-effect transistors
The electrical characteristics of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on small-molecule organic semiconductors (OSCs) have been significantly improved by employing various fabrication techniques in solution processes to enhance the OSC crystallinity. However, complicated fabrication and inhomogeneity of OFETs remain as challenges before commercialization. In this work, we have efficiently controlled the size and orientation of 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) crystalline domains by tuning the Cytop bank dimension, in which OSC inks are printed, to improve the device performance. The optimized bank pattern forms uniform thin film morphology and well-aligned TIPS-pentacene crystalline domains along the charge transport direction, resulting in four-fold increase in field-effect mobility and one third reduction in relative standard deviation.11Ysciescopu
- …