Transnational patents: Structures, trends and recent developments

In this study, we compared the profile of German Transnational Patents with the patenting profiles of other countries from several different angles. Germany is a stronghold in international patenting in terms of the absolute number of filings (ranked the third only after the United States and Japan) and the number of filings per employee (ranked the fourth after Swiss, Sweden, and Finland). However, its growth rate is lower than the top-patenting countries and even below the EU average. This indicates that comparative technological advantage of Germany may be debilitated in the future. In order to revamp technological advantage of Germany, tracking the situation of fast-growing countries such as Korea and China would help. Probably more serious problem for German innovative capabilities is its weakness in fast-growing, technology-intensive industries such as ICT and biopharmaceuticals. While Germany is very strong in patenting in moderately technology-intensive sectors such as machinery and automobile, its technological presence in terms of international patent filings are very weak in Electronics, ICT, and biopharmaceuticals. Moreover, patent filings from small and medium-sized enterprises in these sectors are much weaker. As a remedy to this problem, international collaboration can be a candidate solution. We showed that international co-invention occurs more frequently in the weaker technology areas. This indirectly indicates that international collaboration would help a country to strengthen its currently weak technological capability. International co-invention has been growing faster than the growth of patenting. Also, in rapidly-growing fields such as chemistry and electronics, international co-invention is more frequently observed. Therefore, policy instruments that can promote international research collaboration and attract multinational companies in these growing fields to build their research centres in Germany would help Germany advance into a major technology player in these fields. In addition, to bolster technological capabilities of small and medium-sized enterprises in these growing, technology-intensive sectors, promoting interorganizational technology transfer, especially from universities, and institutionalizing venture capital would be essential

The Internationalisation of International Co-Inventions

Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy 2009This presentation was part of the session : Roundtables on Globalization of Science and InnovationFraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Researc

Patent Indicators for Macroeconomic Growth - the Value of Patents Estimated by Export Volume

Atlanta Conference on Science and Innovation Policy 2011Utilizing a large panel dataset, this paper examines the linkage between patenting and export performance at the country and technology field level. The analysis assesses whether common patent value indicators like patent citations have any additional explanatory power to estimate the export value of countries by technology fields

Patent indicators for macroeconomic growth—the value of patents estimated by export volume

This paper examines the linkage between patenting and export performance for selected countries at the level of technology fields. Some empirical studies show considerable correlation between the patenting behavior of countries and their economic success in international markets. Adding to the existing literature, the aim of this analysis is to assess whether the indicators that are supposed to reflect patent value—such as patent citations or family size—have any explanatory power in estimating the export value of countries by technology fields. For this study, a panel dataset was compiled consisting of annual data (1988–2007) on international trade from the UN-COMTRADE database and patent data from the EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database (PATSTAT). The results show that exports are a very useful way of placing a valuation on patents. Patents and exports are strongly correlated, although there are visible deviations from this parallelism. IPC classes and inventor counts prove not to be relevant in predicting the export value of patents, while family size has restricted predictive power. When analyzing patent applications, forward citations, in particular, are more promising than granted patent

Exploring the Antibacterial Effects of Ozonated Oils in Medicine: A Study on Escherichia coli Inhibition

Ozonated oil has a long tradition in medical therapy. Here, the results from previous studies regarding the antibacterial effects of ozonated oils were compared. In addition, the aim of this study was to further examine the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli for two different ozonated oils, in regard to the ozone exposure time and amount. Using agar dilution, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the oils was studied. For all of the tested concentrations with the agar dilution method, bacterial growth was observed. Furthermore, agar dilution was combined with spread-plating to determine the inhibition zone with and without the emulsifier. The emulsifier-free and emulsifier-containing experiments with agar dilution and spread-plating did not result in an inhibition of bacterial growth by ozonated oils. Moreover, the bacteria were exposed to the oils for various intervals before being grown on either solid or liquid medium to determine the time-dependent antibacterial effects of the ozonated oil. For both media, the results were compared to non-ozonated oil and NaCl solution as a negative control. The bacteria in the solid medium were already completely inactivated after 5 min of exposure with the ozonated oil. For the liquid medium, also shorter exposition times were investigated. After 1 min, there was no inhibition in the ozonated oils with the liquid medium. After 5 min, the bacterial growth in the ozonated oils was significantly reduced in the liquid medium.</p

Pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling at very high magnetic field (11.75 T) for high-resolution mouse brain perfusion imaging

Duhamel, Guillaume Callot, Virginie Tachrount, Mohamed Alsop, David C Cozzone, Patrick J Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Magnetic resonance in medicine : official journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine Magn Reson Med. 2012 May;67(5):1225-36. doi: 10.1002/mrm.23096. Epub 2011 Oct 19.With the increasing number of transgenic mouse models of human brain diseases, there is a need for a sensitive method that allows assessing quantitative whole brain perfusion within a reasonable scan time. Arterial spin labeling (ASL), an MRI technique that permits the noninvasive quantification of cerebral blood flow, has been used to assess rodents brain perfusion. For mice, the reported experiments performed with continuous or pulsed ASL were challenged by poor multislice capability, limited sensitivity, or quantification issues. Here, the recently proposed pseudo-continuous ASL strategy, which has shown great promise for human studies, was investigated for mouse brain perfusion imaging at 11.75 T. Pseudo-continuous ASL was experimentally optimized and compared with a standard flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery sequence for sensitivity, robustness, absolute quantification, and multislice imaging capability. A sensitivity gain up to 40% and clear advantages for multislice imaging are obtained with pseudo-continuous ASL