Behavior of Longitudinal and Transverse Dispersion Coefficient in Three-Dimensional Open Channels

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

Analysis of Transverse Mixing Using Natural Tracers Continuously Introduced from Tributaries

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchive

Effects of Runoff Sensitivity and Catchment Characteristics on Regional Actual Evapotranspiration Trends in the Conterminous US

An understanding of the role of hydro-climatic and geographic regimes on regional actual evapotranspiration (AET) change is essential to improving our knowledge on predicting water availability in a changing climate. This study investigates the relationship between AET change for a 60 year period (1951–2010) and the runoff sensitivity in 255 undisturbed catchments over the US. The runoff sensitivity to climate change is simply defined as the relative magnitude between runoff and precipitation changes with time. Runoff sensitivity can readily explain the conflicting directions of AET changes under similar precipitation change. Under increasing precipitation, AET decreases when runoff is increasing more rapidly than precipitation based on the water balance. Conversely, AET increases when runoff is decreasing more rapidly than precipitation. This result indicates that runoff sensitivity to climate change is a key factor for understanding regional water availability change at the catchment scale. In addition, a stepwise multiple regression analysis and a geographically weighted regression analysis show that the portion of evergreen forest and the mean elevation of a catchment may play a secondary role in the spatial pattern of the AET change, and the relative importance of such explanatory variables may change over space

Bis[(2,2-dimethyl­propano­yloxy)meth­yl] {[2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)eth­oxy]meth­yl}phospho­nate–succinic acid (2/1)

The title compound, C20H32N5O8P·0.5C4H6O4, is composed of two 9-{2-[bis­(pivaloyloxymeth­oxy)phosphinylmeth­oxy]eth­yl}adenine, commonly known as adefovir dipivoxil (AD), mol­ecules linked to the carb­oxy­lic acid groups of succinic acid (SA). The asymmetric unit contains one mol­ecule of AD and half a mol­ecule of SA, which sits on an inversion center. Both adenine units in the two AD mol­ecules make AD–SA N—H⋯O and SA–AD O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds to SA. In addition, the inter­molecular AD–AD N—H⋯O—P hydrogen bond serves to stabilize the cocrystal. There is also a π–π stacking inter­action [inter­planar spacing 3.34 (19) Å] between adjacent inversion-related adenine groups

Metal/graphene sheets as p-type transparent conducting electrodes in GaN light emitting diodes

We demonstrate the use of graphene based transparent sheets as a p-type current spreading layer in GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs). Very thin Ni/Au was inserted between graphene and p-type GaN to reduce contact resistance, which reduced contact resistance from similar to 5.5 to similar to 0.6 Omega/ cm(2), with no critical optical loss. As a result, LEDs with metal-graphene provided current spreading and injection into the p-type GaN layer, enabling three times enhanced electroluminescent intensity compared with those with graphene alone. We confirmed very strong blue light emission in a large area of the metal-graphene layer by analyzing image brightness.open281

Cultural Practices to Reduce Cd Content in Edible Parts of Staple Crops in Korea

Objectives of this study were to determine the uptake and translocation of Cd in rice plant from soil with applying the water management and soil ameliorators and to investigate the correlations among heavy metal contents in the brown rice, soil pH and chemical species of Cd existing in soil by sequential extracting method with paddy soil contaminated with Cd near abandoned mine. To identify the effect of soil ameliorators on Cd uptake in rice plants, compost and lime were treated. Plants were grown with irrigation water concentrated by 0.01mg kg^ of cadmium in two soil types (sandy loam and clay loam) with treatments of intermittent irrigation and continuous submersion conditions. Compared to intermittent irrigation plots, average Eh value in the continuous submersion plots was low at 136.7mV whereas pH value was high at 0.3. Eh value was decreased in the treatment of soil ameliorator while pH value was increased by 0.2～0.3. Cd content of leaves and brown rice had significantly positive correlation with Eh value in soils while was negatively correlated with soil pH. At the harvest stage, Cd content in the leaves and brown rice was decreased in the continuous submersion plots by 30% relative to the intermittent irrigation plots. In case of soil ameliorator applied plots, Cd content of leaves and brown rice was lower by 35% than that of N, P, K fertilizer plots, respectively. Compared to the soil types, Cd content of leaves and brown rice in sandy loam soil was lower by 64 and 37% than that in clay loam soil, respectively. Order of reduction to Cd uptake was the compost and lime mixture plot>silicate plot>lime plot. However, the effect of Cd uptake reduction by soil ameliorator was decreased in the N, P, K+compost and N, P, K+phosphate plots. Cd uptake reduction by water management and soil ameliorator was more effective in the sandy loam soil than that in the clay loam soil.Special Revie