141 research outputs found
Learning Optimal Fronthauling and Decentralized Edge Computation in Fog Radio Access Networks
Fog radio access networks (F-RANs), which consist of a cloud and multiple
edge nodes (ENs) connected via fronthaul links, have been regarded as promising
network architectures. The F-RAN entails a joint optimization of cloud and edge
computing as well as fronthaul interactions, which is challenging for
traditional optimization techniques. This paper proposes a Cloud-Enabled
Cooperation-Inspired Learning (CECIL) framework, a structural deep learning
mechanism for handling a generic F-RAN optimization problem. The proposed
solution mimics cloud-aided cooperative optimization policies by including
centralized computing at the cloud, distributed decision at the ENs, and their
uplink-downlink fronthaul interactions. A group of deep neural networks (DNNs)
are employed for characterizing computations of the cloud and ENs. The
forwardpass of the DNNs is carefully designed such that the impacts of the
practical fronthaul links, such as channel noise and signling overheads, can be
included in a training step. As a result, operations of the cloud and ENs can
be jointly trained in an end-to-end manner, whereas their real-time inferences
are carried out in a decentralized manner by means of the fronthaul
coordination. To facilitate fronthaul cooperation among multiple ENs, the
optimal fronthaul multiple access schemes are designed. Training algorithms
robust to practical fronthaul impairments are also presented. Numerical results
validate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.Comment: to appear in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communication
Learning Robust Beamforming for MISO Downlink Systems
This paper investigates a learning solution for robust beamforming
optimization in downlink multi-user systems. A base station (BS) identifies
efficient multi-antenna transmission strategies only with imperfect channel
state information (CSI) and its stochastic features. To this end, we propose a
robust training algorithm where a deep neural network (DNN), which only accepts
estimates and statistical knowledge of the perfect CSI, is optimized to fit to
real-world propagation environment. Consequently, the trained DNN can provide
efficient robust beamforming solutions based only on imperfect observations of
the actual CSI. Numerical results validate the advantages of the proposed
learning approach compared to conventional schemes.Comment: to appear in IEEE Communications Letters (5 pages, 5 figures, 1
tables
A Bipartite Graph Neural Network Approach for Scalable Beamforming Optimization
Deep learning (DL) techniques have been intensively studied for the
optimization of multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO) downlink
systems owing to the capability of handling nonconvex formulations. However,
the fixed computation structure of existing deep neural networks (DNNs) lacks
flexibility with respect to the system size, i.e., the number of antennas or
users. This paper develops a bipartite graph neural network (BGNN) framework, a
scalable DL solution designed for multi-antenna beamforming optimization. The
MU-MISO system is first characterized by a bipartite graph where two disjoint
vertex sets, each of which consists of transmit antennas and users, are
connected via pairwise edges. These vertex interconnection states are modeled
by channel fading coefficients. Thus, a generic beamforming optimization
process is interpreted as a computation task over a weight bipartite graph.
This approach partitions the beamforming optimization procedure into multiple
suboperations dedicated to individual antenna vertices and user vertices.
Separated vertex operations lead to scalable beamforming calculations that are
invariant to the system size. The vertex operations are realized by a group of
DNN modules that collectively form the BGNN architecture. Identical DNNs are
reused at all antennas and users so that the resultant learning structure
becomes flexible to the network size. Component DNNs of the BGNN are trained
jointly over numerous MU-MISO configurations with randomly varying network
sizes. As a result, the trained BGNN can be universally applied to arbitrary
MU-MISO systems. Numerical results validate the advantages of the BGNN
framework over conventional methods.Comment: accepted for publication on IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communication
Deep Learning Methods for Universal MISO Beamforming
This letter studies deep learning (DL) approaches to optimize beamforming
vectors in downlink multi-user multi-antenna systems that can be universally
applied to arbitrarily given transmit power limitation at a base station. We
exploit the sum power budget as side information so that deep neural networks
(DNNs) can effectively learn the impact of the power constraint in the
beamforming optimization. Consequently, a single training process is sufficient
for the proposed universal DL approach, whereas conventional methods need to
train multiple DNNs for all possible power budget levels. Numerical results
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DL methods over existing schemes.Comment: to appear in IEEE Wireless Communications Letters (5 pages, 3
figures, 2 tables
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF LEFT ATRIAL WALL THICKNESS RELATED TO COMPLEX FRACTIONATED ELECTROGRAM, VOLTAGE AND CYCLE LENGTH
Effects of Wet-Pressing and Cross-Linking on the Tensile Properties of Carbon Nanotube Fibers
To increase the strength of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers (CNTFs), the mean size of voids between bundles of CNTs was reduced by wet-pressing, and the CNTs were cross-linked. Separate and simultaneous physical (roller pressing) and chemical methods (cross-linking) were tested to confirm each method's effects on the CNTF strength. By reducing the fraction of pores, roller pressing decreased the cross-sectional area from 160 mu m(2) to 66 mu m(2) and increased the average load-at-break from 2.83 +/- 0.25 cN to 4.41 +/- 0.16 cN. Simultaneous injection of crosslinker and roller pressing augmented the cross-linking effect by increasing the infiltration of the crosslinker solution into the CNTF, so the specific strength increased from 0.40 +/- 0.05 N/tex to 0.67 +/- 0.04 N/tex. To increase the strength by cross-linking, it was necessary that the size of the pores inside the CNTF were reduced, and the infiltration of the solution was increased. These results suggest that combined physical and chemical treatment is effective to increase the strength of CNTFs.11Ysciescopu
PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PREDICTORS OF DELAYED HYPER-ENHANCEMENT IN SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS
Genetic and Molecular Characterization of a New EMS-Induced Mutant without the Third Glucose Moiety at the C-3 Sugar Chain of Saponin in Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Saponin, a secondary metabolite, is produced by various plant species, including soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Soybeans synthesize triterpenoid saponins, which are classified by their aglycone structure and sugar chain composition. Here, we characterized an ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mutant, PE1539, without saponin and with a glucose moiety at the third position of the C-3 sugar chain. The saponin phenotype of PE1539 is described by the accumulation of Ab-gamma g saponin and deficiency of Ab-alpha g saponin and DDMP-alpha g saponin, similar to a previously reported sg-3 mutant in soybean. Genetic analysis showed that the saponin phenotype of PE1539 is controlled by a recessive mutation. We mapped the gene responsible for the phenotype of PE1539 and the mapped region included Sg-3 (Glyma.10G104700). Further analysis of Sg-3 in PE1539 using DNA sequencing revealed a single-nucleotide substitution in the exon (G804A), resulting in a premature stop codon; thus, PE1539 produced a PSPG box-truncated protein. Saponin phenotype analysis of the F-2 population-from a cross between wild-type Uram and PE1539-showed that the phenotype of saponin was cosegregated with the genotype of Sg 3. Quantitative real-time PCR showed reduced expression of Sg-3 in PE1539 cells. Together, our data indicate that the saponin phenotype of PE1539 results from a mutation in Sg-3
Successful Management of a Rare Case of Stent Fracture and Subsequent Migration of the Fractured Stent Segment Into the Ascending Aorta in In-Stent Restenotic Lesions of a Saphenous Vein Graft
Stent fracture is a complication following implantation of drug eluting stents and is recognized as one of the risk factors for in-stent restenosis. We present the first case of successfully managing a stent fracture and subsequent migration of the fractured stent into the ascending aorta that occurred during repeat revascularization for in-stent restenosis of an ostium of saphenous vein graft after implantation of a zotarolimus-eluting stent. Although the fractured stent segment had migrated into the ascending aorta with a pulled balloon catheter, it was successfully repositioned in the saphenous vein graft using an inflated balloon catheter. Then, the fractured stent segment was successfully connected to the residual segment of the zotarolimus-eluting stent by covering it with an additional sirolimuseluting stent
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