Pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF- , IL-1 , IL-6 andIL-10) in rat model of neuroma

Traumatic neuroma is neuronal tissue proliferation developed in a nerve injury site, often associatedwith increased sensitivity and spontaneous or evoked neuropathic pain. The mechanisms leading to the disorganized nerve proliferation are not completely understood, though inflammation in the injured nerve vicinity most likely has a role in the process. Inflammatory cytokines are also known to be involvedin the maintenance and development of post-traumatic and neuropathic pain. The goal of this study wasto quantify and compare pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- , IL-1 , IL-6 and IL-10) levels innerves that formed neuromas and nerves that did not, following sciatic nerve transection. A total of 30 rats were used in this study. Twenty rats underwent sciatic nerve transection and 10underwent sham surgery. Six weeks post-surgery nerve sections were collected and histologically eval-uated for neuroma formation. The samples were then classified as neuroma, non-neuroma and shamgroups. TNF- , IL-1 , IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured in the nerves employing ELISA. TNF- levels were significantly higher in both neuroma and non-neuroma-forming injured nerves compared to thesham group. IL-1 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the neuroma-forming nerves compared tothe sham group. IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the non-neuroma group compared to the shamgroup. In conclusion IL-6, and IL-1 may have a role in the formation of traumatic neuroma while IL-10may inhibit neuroma formation

Myofascial pain in temporomandibular disorders: Updates on etiopathogenesis and management

Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are an umbrella term encompassing disorders of both the temporomandibular joint (TMJD) and masticatory musculature (MMD). The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the etiopathogenesis, clinical features and diagnosis of MMD, and to summarize the current trends in the therapeutic management. Mathods: A review of the literature was performed from 1985 to 2020. The keywords included were “temporomandibular disorders OR temporomandibular joint disorders” AND “myofascial pain OR masticatory myofascial pain OR trigger point”. A total of 983 articles were screened with abstracts and approximately 500 full text articles were included in the review based on their relevance to the topic. Results: MMD\u27s present significant challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Effective treatment requires a clear diagnosis based on an understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms, a detailed history with assessment of predisposing local and systemic factors, perpetuating factors, a comprehensive clinical evaluation and a diagnostic workup. Conclusion: A thorough history and clinical examination are the gold standards for diagnosis of MMD. Serological testing may help identify underlying co-morbidities. Recent diagnostic modalities including ultrasound sonoelastography and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) have shown promising results. The treatment goals for MMD are to control pain, restore mandibular function and facilitate the return to normal daily activity and improve the overall quality of life of a patient. Conservative modalities including home care regimens, pharmacotherapy, intraoral appliance therapy, local anesthetic trigger point injections, physiotherapy and complementary modalities may be beneficial in patients with MMD\u27s

Pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF- , IL-1 , IL-6 andIL-10) in rat model of neuroma

Traumatic neuroma is neuronal tissue proliferation developed in a nerve injury site, often associatedwith increased sensitivity and spontaneous or evoked neuropathic pain. The mechanisms leading to the disorganized nerve proliferation are not completely understood, though inflammation in the injured nerve vicinity most likely has a role in the process. Inflammatory cytokines are also known to be involvedin the maintenance and development of post-traumatic and neuropathic pain. The goal of this study wasto quantify and compare pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- , IL-1 , IL-6 and IL-10) levels innerves that formed neuromas and nerves that did not, following sciatic nerve transection. A total of 30 rats were used in this study. Twenty rats underwent sciatic nerve transection and 10underwent sham surgery. Six weeks post-surgery nerve sections were collected and histologically eval-uated for neuroma formation. The samples were then classified as neuroma, non-neuroma and shamgroups. TNF- , IL-1 , IL-6 and IL-10 levels were measured in the nerves employing ELISA. TNF- levels were significantly higher in both neuroma and non-neuroma-forming injured nerves compared to thesham group. IL-1 and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the neuroma-forming nerves compared tothe sham group. IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the non-neuroma group compared to the shamgroup. In conclusion IL-6, and IL-1 may have a role in the formation of traumatic neuroma while IL-10may inhibit neuroma formation

Consomic rats parental strains differ in sensory perception, pain developed following nerve injury and in IL-1 beta and IL-6 levels

Highlights* Differences in response to sensory stimuli, pain development and cytokine secretion of parental inbred rat strains used to construct consomic lines may have a genetic basis.* Following chronic constriction injury, Dahl Salt Sensitive rats developed significant hypersensitivity, which correlated with the IL-6 and IL-1β secretion

Consomic rats parental strains differ in sensory perception, pain developed following nerve injury and in IL-1 beta and IL-6 levels

Highlights* Differences in response to sensory stimuli, pain development and cytokine secretion of parental inbred rat strains used to construct consomic lines may have a genetic basis.* Following chronic constriction injury, Dahl Salt Sensitive rats developed significant hypersensitivity, which correlated with the IL-6 and IL-1β secretion

Presentation of cysticercosis of the lateral pterygoid muscle as temporomandibular disorder: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

Orofacial pain can often be the chief complaint of many systemic disorders. Cysticercosis involving the lateral pterygoids may cause limitation of mouth opening and may mimic clinical symptoms of a temporomandibular disorder. A 37-year-old female presented with 1-month-old complaint of limited mandibular range of motion. She reported a similar episode a year earlier and was diagnosed with a temporomandibular joint disorder by her primary dentist. Comprehensive intra- and extra-oral examinations were performed, which revealed a limitation of mouth opening accompanied by mild limitation of contralateral excursion. A magnetic resonance imaging revealed a ring-enhancing lesion within the left pterygoid muscle suggestive of cysticercosis. The patient was referred to her primary care physician for further treatment and given physical therapy (stretching exercises) to improve mouth opening. One week later, she developed lesions in the arm and trunk. Further ultrasound imaging of the abdomen and the forearms confirmed the diagnosis of cysticercosis. She was treated with albendazole, physiotherapy, joint stabilization appliance, and had eventual complete recovery. This case emphasizes the importance of diagnosis of a systemic condition that may have serious implications, if untreated, and the importance of a comprehensive evaluation, workup, and multidisciplinary management