Blood vessels and their construction in the cavities of pulmonary tuberculosis

First of all, we investigated the origin, the construction and distribution of the bronchial arteries and veins in adult rabbits, and then observed various changes of the blood vessels in experimental cavities and caseous foci and also studied the effects of streptomycin and isoniazide on the blood vessels of the cavity wall. The summary findings of the present experiments are described in the following. 1) In ten out of the fifteen rabbits emloyed, the bronchial artery originates from the right supreme intercostal artery; in three cases, in addition to this origin, it originates also from the left supreme intercostal artery; and in another case from the intercostal thoracic artery; while in the remaining one from the arc of the aorta. 2) The bronchial veins are divided into the extra-pulmonary and the intra-pulmonary veins. The former arises from the submucous blood vessels located in the proximal part of the third bronchus, and running along with the bronchial artery, finally empties into the superior Vena cava; while the latter, originating from the submucous capillaries in the distal part of the third bronchus, and after anastomosing with one another in the capsule of the bronchus, is communicated with the pulmonary veins. 3) In the caseous foci, although blood vessels are obliterated, capillaries are newly formed around the main trunks of the pulmonary artery and vein as well as around their residual branches. 4) These caseous foci are supplied with arterial blood from the bronchial arteries, the blood vessels in the bronchial wall, and the newlyformed vessels of pulmonary arterial origin. 5) The capillaries in the cavity wall are classified into three types according to their origins; namely, Type I, those regenerating from fine branches of the pulmonary vessels; Type &#8545;, those regenerating from the main trunk of the pulmonary vessels; and Type &#8546;, those regenerating from the bronchial artery situated in the orifice of the drainage bronchus. 6) The tuberculous cavities only in the orifice of the drainage bronchus receive an abundant supply of arterial blood directly from the bronchial artery, but those in other regions receive a scanty blood supply indirectly from the anastomoses between the bronchial artery, its sister vessels and the pulmonary artery. 7) The regeneration of blood vessels in tuberculous foci has been confirmed to occur not only in the bronchial artery and its sister blood vessels but also in the pulmonary artery and vein as well. 8) The constructions of blood vessels in the cavities treated with streptomycin or isoniazide present no significant difference from those of the control. 9) The regeneration of blood vessels and hyperemia in the cavity wall of the cases treated with streptomycin present no significant difference from those observed in the control, but the cases treated with isoniazide show marked hyperemia, newly-formed vessels, and occasional bleedings.</p

Chemo-preventive effects and antitumorigenic mechanisms of beer and nonalcoholic beer toward 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice

We investigated the chemopreventive effects of beer, nonalcoholic beers (NABs), and beer-components (glycine betaine (GB)) on NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice, and the possible mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effects of beer, NABs, and beer-components. Beer, NABs, and GB reduced NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis. We investigated the antimutagenicity of beer, NABs and beer-components (GB and pseudouridine (PU)) toward the mutagenicity of 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Beer, NABs, and beer components were antimutagenic toward MNNG and NNK in the Ames test using S. typhimurium TA1535. In contrast, MNNG and NNK mutagenicity detected in S. typhimurium YG7108, a strain lacking O-6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferases (ogt(ST) and ada(ST)) did not decrease in the presence of beer, NABs, or beer components, suggesting that they may mediate its antimutagenic effect by enhancing DNA damage repair. Phosphorylation of Akt and STAT3, with or without epidermal growth factor stimulation, in lung epithelial-like A549 cells were significantly decreased following beer, NABs, GB and PU. They targeted both the initiation and growth/progression steps of carcinogenesis, specifically via antimutagenesis, stimulation of alkyl DNA-adduct repair, and suppression of Akt- and STAT3- mediated growth signaling. GB and PU may contribute, in part, to the biological effects of beer and NABs via the suppression of Akt and STAT3 phosphorylation

Human metaphase chromosome consists of randomly arranged chromatin fibres with up to 30-nm diameter

Wako, T., Yoshida, A., Kato, J. et al. Human metaphase chromosome consists of randomly arranged chromatin fibres with up to 30-nm diameter. Sci Rep 10, 8948 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65842-z

Chemopreventive effects and anti-tumorigenic mechanisms of Actinidia arguta, known as sarunashi in Japan toward 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)- induced lung tumorigenesis in a/J mouse

Background Previously, we reported the inhibitory effect of Actinidia arguta juice, known as sarunashi juice (sar-j) in Japan, on mutagenesis, inflammation, and mouse skin tumorigenesis. The components of A. arguta responsible for the anti-mutagenic effects were identified to be water-soluble, heat-labile phenolic compounds. We proposed isoquercetin (isoQ) as a candidate anticarcinogenic component. In this study, we sought to investigate the chemopreventive effects of A. arguta juice and isoQ on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice, and identify the possible mechanisms underlying the anti-tumorigenic effects of A. arguta. Results The number of tumor nodules per mouse lung in the group injected with NNK and administered A. arguta juice orally was significantly lower than that in the group injected with NNK only. Oral administration of isoQ also reduced the number of nodules in the mouse lungs. As expected, the mutagenicity of NNK and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) detected using S. typhimurium TA1535 decreased in the presence of sar-j. However, NNK and MNNG mutagenicity detected using S. typhimurium YG7108, a strain lacking the O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferases (ogtST and adaST) did not decrease in the presence of sar-j suggesting that sar-j may mediate its antimutagenic effect by enhancing the DNA damage repair by ogtST and adaST. Phosphorylation of Akt, with or without epidermal growth factor stimulation, in A549 cells was significantly decreased following sar-j and isoQ treatment, indicating that components in sar-j including isoQ suppressed the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Conclusions Sar-j and isoQ reduced NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis. Sar-j targets both the initiation and growth/progression steps during carcinogenesis, specifically via anti-mutagenesis, stimulation of alkyl DNA adduct repair, and suppression of Akt-mediated growth signaling. IsoQ might contribute in part to the biological effects of sar-j via suppression of Akt phosphorylation, but it may not be the main active ingredient

Incision and suture to maintain motility

Background : Heineke-Mikulicz (HM) strictureplasty is commonly used to treat short stenoses in Crohn’s disease. However, the degree to which intestinal motility is maintained remains unclear. We compared the peristalsis and transport capacity of the sutured intestines with HM configuration and transverse (TS) and longitudinal (LS) incisions. Methods : The intestinal diameter, intraluminal pressure, and bead transit time of each sutured group were compared with that of the non-treatment (NT) group in the isolated proximal colon of rats. Propulsive contractions were induced using hydroxy-α-sanshool (HAS), a constituent of Japanese pepper. Results : There was no change in the intestinal diameter between HM, TS, and NT groups ; however, it was significantly narrowed at the suture site and its distal side in the LS group. After HAS administration, the intestinal diameter at the suture site in the HM group was higher than that in the LS group. The intraluminal pressure was higher and the transit time was shorter in the HM group compared to those in the LS group. Conclusions : The HM configuration, which widens the incision site and distal diameter and shortens the cut surface of the circular muscle in the longitudinal direction, may help maintain basal and HAS-induced intestinal peristalsis and motility