Uso de marcadores SSR para identificaci\uf3n de germoplasma de papa en el programa de mejoramiento de INIA de Chile

Molecular markers based on Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) are a very efficient tool for potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. ) genotype identification and can be very useful for germplasm conservation and management. With the purpose of incorporate this technology into the potato breeding program of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) Chile, a set of 26 SSR markers was evaluated on a sample of 71 potato genotypes. Each marker was characterized for number and combinations of alleles, scoring quality, polymorphic information content (PIC) and discrimination power (D). From the total, only 21 SSR markers showed up scoreable products and the allele number ranged between 2 and 17. The observed allelic combinations among the different potato genotypes ranged from 2 to 47; however, unique genotypes detected by each SSR marker ranged from 0 to 38. The observed (Do) and expected (Dj) discriminatory power ranged from 0.23 to 0.98 and from 0.43 to 0.92, respectively. The seven SSR markers which showed the highest Do scores were STM1009 (0.98), STM1020 (0.97), STM0031 (0.97), STM2013 (0.96), STM1008 (0.94), STM1052 (0.93) and STM0019 (0.91). The STM1009, STM1020 and STM1008 markers are multi-loci SSR, where each one amplifies more than one locus of the potato genome. The utilization of the multi-loci type of marker, or combinations of several SSR markers in either PCR-multiplex or pseudo-multiplex reactions, are good options to increase the speed and reduce the cost of SSR markers application.Los marcadores moleculares basados en Secuencias Simples Repetidas (SSR) constituyen una herramienta altamente eficaz para la identificaci\uf3n de genotipos de papa ( Solanum tuberosum L. ) y pueden ser de gran utilidad en la conservaci\uf3n y manejo de germoplasma. Con el prop\uf3sito de incorporar esta tecnolog\ueda al Programa de Mejoramiento de Papa del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) de Chile, se evalu\uf3 un grupo de 26 marcadores SSR sobre una muestra de 71 genotipos de papa. Cada marcador se caracteriz\uf3 seg\ufan su n\ufamero de alelos y sus respectivas combinaciones, calidad de lectura, contenido de informaci\uf3n polim\uf3rfica (PIC) y poder discriminatorio (D). Del total s\uf3lo 21 marcadores SSR mostraron productos legibles con un n\ufamero de alelos que vari\uf3 entre 2 y 17. Las combinaciones al\ue9licas observadas variaron desde 2 a 47; sin embargo, los genotipos \ufanicos detectados por cada marcador fueron desde 0 a 38. El poder discriminatorio observado (Do) y esperado (Dj) estuvo entre 0,23 a 0,98 y entre 0,43 a 0,92, respectivamente. Los siete marcadores que presentaron mayor Do fueron STM1009 (0,98), STM1020 (0.97), STM0031 (0,97), STM2013 (0,96), STM1008 (0,94), STM1052 (0,93) y STM0019 (0,91). Los marcadores STM1009, STM1020 y STM1008 corresponden a SSR multi-loci, donde cada uno amplifica m\ue1s de un locus desde distintas regiones del genoma de la papa. La utilizaci\uf3n de este tipo de marcadores multi-loci, o de combinaciones de varios SSR en reacciones de PCR-m\ufaltiplex o pseudos-m\ufaltiplex son una buena alternativa para aumentar rapidez y disminuir costo en la aplicaci\uf3n de marcadores SSR

Mortality by causes in HIV-infected adults: comparison with the general population

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We compared mortality by cause of death in HIV-infected adults in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy with mortality in the general population in the same age and sex groups.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Mortality by cause of death was analyzed for the period 1999-2006 in the cohort of persons aged 20-59 years diagnosed with HIV infection and residing in Navarre (Spain). This was compared with mortality from the same causes in the general population of the same age and sex using standardized mortality ratios (SMR).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were 210 deaths among 1145 persons diagnosed with HIV (29.5 per 1000 person-years). About 50% of these deaths were from AIDS. Persons diagnosed with HIV infection had exceeded all-cause mortality (SMR 14.0, 95% CI 12.2 to 16.1) and non-AIDS mortality (SMR 6.9, 5.7 to 8.5). The analysis showed excess mortality from hepatic disease (SMR 69.0, 48.1 to 78.6), drug overdose or addiction (SMR 46.0, 29.2 to 69.0), suicide (SMR 9.6, 3.8 to 19.7), cancer (SMR 3.2, 1.8 to 5.1) and cardiovascular disease (SMR 3.1, 1.3 to 6.1). Mortality in HIV-infected intravenous drug users did not change significantly between the periods 1999-2002 and 2003-2006, but it declined by 56% in non-injecting drug users (<it>P </it>= 0.007).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Persons with HIV infection continue to have considerable excess mortality despite the availability of effective antiretroviral treatments. However, excess mortality in the HIV patients has declined since these treatments were introduced, especially in persons without a history of intravenous drug use.</p

Evaluación frecuente, mentorías y rendimiento académico en el programa mentor de Aeronáuticos

El Programa Mentor de Aeronáuticos se inicia en 2004con una doble vertiente de actuación. Por un lado, Tutores y Mentores facilitan el proceso de integración de los Alumnos de Nuevo Ingreso en la vida universitaria; por otro, el estudio de las dificultades académicas de los Alumnos Tutelados conduce a Cambios Metodológicas en el Aula que ayudan a activar las relaciones profesor-alumno y a mejorar el rendimiento del esfuerzo de todos, profesores y alumnos. Se describen éstas experiencias, así como los resultados obtenidos en los últimos cuatro año

Uso de marcadores SSR para identificación de germoplasma de papa en el programa de mejoramiento de INIA de Chile

Molecular markers based on Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) are a very efficient tool for potato ( Solanum tuberosum L. ) genotype identification and can be very useful for germplasm conservation and management. With the purpose of incorporate this technology into the potato breeding program of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) Chile, a set of 26 SSR markers was evaluated on a sample of 71 potato genotypes. Each marker was characterized for number and combinations of alleles, scoring quality, polymorphic information content (PIC) and discrimination power (D). From the total, only 21 SSR markers showed up scoreable products and the allele number ranged between 2 and 17. The observed allelic combinations among the different potato genotypes ranged from 2 to 47; however, unique genotypes detected by each SSR marker ranged from 0 to 38. The observed (Do) and expected (Dj) discriminatory power ranged from 0.23 to 0.98 and from 0.43 to 0.92, respectively. The seven SSR markers which showed the highest Do scores were STM1009 (0.98), STM1020 (0.97), STM0031 (0.97), STM2013 (0.96), STM1008 (0.94), STM1052 (0.93) and STM0019 (0.91). The STM1009, STM1020 and STM1008 markers are multi-loci SSR, where each one amplifies more than one locus of the potato genome. The utilization of the multi-loci type of marker, or combinations of several SSR markers in either PCR-multiplex or pseudo-multiplex reactions, are good options to increase the speed and reduce the cost of SSR markers application.Los marcadores moleculares basados en Secuencias Simples Repetidas (SSR) constituyen una herramienta altamente eficaz para la identificación de genotipos de papa ( Solanum tuberosum L. ) y pueden ser de gran utilidad en la conservación y manejo de germoplasma. Con el propósito de incorporar esta tecnología al Programa de Mejoramiento de Papa del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) de Chile, se evaluó un grupo de 26 marcadores SSR sobre una muestra de 71 genotipos de papa. Cada marcador se caracterizó según su número de alelos y sus respectivas combinaciones, calidad de lectura, contenido de información polimórfica (PIC) y poder discriminatorio (D). Del total sólo 21 marcadores SSR mostraron productos legibles con un número de alelos que varió entre 2 y 17. Las combinaciones alélicas observadas variaron desde 2 a 47; sin embargo, los genotipos únicos detectados por cada marcador fueron desde 0 a 38. El poder discriminatorio observado (Do) y esperado (Dj) estuvo entre 0,23 a 0,98 y entre 0,43 a 0,92, respectivamente. Los siete marcadores que presentaron mayor Do fueron STM1009 (0,98), STM1020 (0.97), STM0031 (0,97), STM2013 (0,96), STM1008 (0,94), STM1052 (0,93) y STM0019 (0,91). Los marcadores STM1009, STM1020 y STM1008 corresponden a SSR multi-loci, donde cada uno amplifica más de un locus desde distintas regiones del genoma de la papa. La utilización de este tipo de marcadores multi-loci, o de combinaciones de varios SSR en reacciones de PCR-múltiplex o pseudos-múltiplex son una buena alternativa para aumentar rapidez y disminuir costo en la aplicación de marcadores SSR

Uso de marcadores SSR para identificación de germoplasma de papa en el programa de mejoramiento de INIA de Chile

Molecular markers based on Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) are a very efficient tool for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotype identification and can be very useful for germplasm conservation and management. With the purpose of incorporate this technology into the potato breeding program of the National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIA) Chile, a set of 26 SSR markers was evaluated on a sample of 71 potato genotypes. Each marker was characterized for number and combinations of alleles, scoring quality, polymorphic information content (PIC) and discrimination power (D). From the total, only 21 SSR markers showed up scoreable products and the allele number ranged between 2 and 17. The observed allelic combinations among the different potato genotypes ranged from 2 to 47; however, unique genotypes detected by each SSR marker ranged from 0 to 38. The observed (Do) and expected (Dj) discriminatory power ranged from 0.23 to 0.98 and from 0.43 to 0.92, respectively. The seven SSR markers which showed the highest Do scores were STM1009 (0.98), STM1020 (0.97), STM0031 (0.97), STM2013 (0.96), STM1008 (0.94), STM1052 (0.93) and STM0019 (0.91). The STM1009, STM1020 and STM1008 markers are multi-loci SSR, where each one amplifies more than one locus of the potato genome. The utilization of the multi-loci type of marker, or combinations of several SSR markers in either PCR-multiplex or pseudo-multiplex reactions, are good options to increase the speed and reduce the cost of SSR markers applicationLos marcadores moleculares basados en Secuencias Simples Repetidas (SSR) constituyen una herramienta altamente eficaz para la identificación de genotipos de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) y pueden ser de gran utilidad en la conservación y manejo de germoplasma. Con el propósito de incorporar esta tecnología al Programa de Mejoramiento de Papa del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) de Chile, se evaluó un grupo de 26 marcadores SSR sobre una muestra de 71 genotipos de papa. Cada marcador se caracterizó según su número de alelos y sus respectivas combinaciones, calidad de lectura, contenido de información polimórfica (PIC) y poder discriminatorio (D). Del total sólo 21 marcadores SSR mostraron productos legibles con un número de alelos que varió entre 2 y 17. Las combinaciones alélicas observadas variaron desde 2 a 47; sin embargo, los genotipos únicos detectados por cada marcador fueron desde 0 a 38. El poder discriminatorio observado (Do) y esperado (Dj) estuvo entre 0,23 a 0,98 y entre 0,43 a 0,92, respectivamente. Los siete marcadores que presentaron mayor Do fueron STM1009 (0,98), STM1020 (0.97), STM0031 (0,97), STM2013 (0,96), STM1008 (0,94), STM1052 (0,93) y STM0019 (0,91). Los marcadores STM1009, STM1020 y STM1008 corresponden a SSR multi-loci, donde cada uno amplifica más de un locus desde distintas regiones del genoma de la papa. La utilización de este tipo de marcadores multi-loci, o de combinaciones de varios SSR en reacciones de PCR-múltiplex o pseudos-múltiplex son una buena alternativa para aumentar rapidez y disminuir costo en la aplicación de marcadores SSR

Putative pacemakers in the eyestalk and brain of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii show circadian oscillations in levels of mRNA for crustacean hyperglycemic hormone.

Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) synthesizing cells in the optic lobe, one of the pacemakers of the circadian system, have been shown to be present in crayfish. However, the presence of CHH in the central brain, another putative pacemaker of the multi-oscillatory circadian system, of this decapod and its circadian transcription in the optic lobe and brain have yet to be explored. Therefore, using qualitative and quantitative PCR, we isolated and cloned a CHH mRNA fragment from two putative pacemakers of the multi-oscillatory circadian system of Procambarus clarkii, the optic lobe and the central brain. This CHH transcript synchronized to daily light-dark cycles and oscillated under dark, constant conditions demonstrating statistically significant daily and circadian rhythms in both structures. Furthermore, to investigate the presence of the peptide in the central brain of this decapod, we used immunohistochemical methods. Confocal microscopy revealed the presence of CHH-IR in fibers and cells of the protocerebral and tritocerebal clusters and neuropiles, particularly in some neurons located in clusters 6, 14, 15 and 17. The presence of CHH positive neurons in structures of P. clarkii where clock proteins have been reported suggests a relationship between the circadian clockwork and CHH. This work provides new insights into the circadian regulation of CHH, a pleiotropic hormone that regulates many physiological processes such as glucose metabolism and osmoregulatory responses to stress

Evaluación de un Marcador SCAR RYSC3 del Gen Ryadg para Seleccionar Genotipos Resistentes al Virus Y de la papa (PVY) en el Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de Papa del INIA

The Potato virus Y (PVY) is distributed worldwide and is one of the most damaging viruses in terms of yield reduction in the potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) crop with losses sometimes reaching 80%. To reduce its impact, there is great interest in obtaining varieties carrying the Ryadg gene that provides extreme resistance to this virus. This could be facilitated with SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) RYSC3 by molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS). This study compared the effectiveness of the RYSC3 marker in the detection of the Ryadg gene vs. biological tests on populations of the Potato Breeding Program of the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Chile. Within the group of 71 progenitors, 30 plants had some kind of resistance to the virus, of which 17 were carriers of the RYSC3 marker. These genotypes came from Cornell University, Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Peru, and INIA. The analysis of 460 progenies which came from three different crosses showed that 299 individuals amplified the RYSC3 marker and had the resistant phenotype, with the exception of one plant. Within the group of non-RYSC3 carrier plants, a significant percentage (22.5%) showed a resistant phenotype, indicating that these progenies segregate other R genes (e.g., hypersensitivity) that reduce biological test effectiveness. This high effectiveness (99.7%) in the detection of the Ryadg gene in both parents and segregating progenies, showed that this marker is appropriate in assisting selection of genotypes with extreme PVY-resistance in the potato breeding programs.El Virus Y de la papa (PVY), distribuido mundialmente, es uno de los más dañinos en términos de reducción del rendimiento del cultivo de la papa ( Solanum tuberosum L.); llegando a producir pérdidas de hasta 80%. Para reducir su impacto, existe gran interés por obtener variedades portadoras del gen Ryadg que confiere resistencia extrema a este virus. Esto se podría facilitar con la utilización del SCAR RYSC3, mediante selección asistida por marcadores moleculares (mas). En este estudio se comparó la eficacia del marcador RYSC3 en la detección del gen Ryadg vs. pruebas biológicas, sobre poblaciones del Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de Papa del Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Chile. De un grupo de 71 progenitores analizados, 30 plantas presentaron algún tipo de resistencia al virus, de las cuales 17 son portadores del marcador RYSC3. Estos genotipos provienen de la Universidad de Cornell (EE.UU.), del Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP, Perú) y del INIA. Del análisis de 460 progenies, provenientes de tres cruzamientos distintos, 299 individuos amplificaron el marcador RYSC3 y presentaron el fenotipo resistente, con la excepción de una planta. En el grupo de plantas no portadoras de RYSC3, un porcentaje significativo (22,5%) presentó un fenotipo resistente, lo que sugiere que en estas progenies segregan otros genes R (ej. hipersensibilidad) que reducen la eficacia de las pruebas biológicas. Estos resultados de alta eficacia (99,7%) en la detección del gen Ryadg, tanto en progenitores como progenies segregantes, muestran la conveniencia de utilizar RYSC3 en la selección de genotipos portadores del gen Ryadg en los programas de mejoramiento genético de papa

TRPM4 regulates Akt/GSK3‐β activity and enhances β‐catenin signaling and cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells

Increased expression of the TRPM4 channel has been reported to be associated with the progression of prostate cancer. However, the molecular mechanism underlying its effect remains unknown. This work found that decreasing TRPM4 levels leads to the reduced proliferation of PC3 cells. This effect was associated with a decrease in total β‐catenin protein levels and its nuclear localization, and a significant reduction in Tcf/Lef transcriptional activity. Moreover, TRPM4 silencing increases the Ser33/Ser37/Thr41 β‐catenin phosphorylated population and reduces the phosphorylation of GSK‐3β at Ser9, suggesting an increase in β‐catenin degradation as the underlying mechanism. Conversely, TRPM4 overexpression in LNCaP cells increases the Ser9 inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK‐3β and the total levels of β‐catenin and its nonphosphorylated form. Finally, PC3 cells with reduced levels of TRPM4 showed a decrease in basal and stimulated phosphoactivation of Akt1, which is likely responsible for the decrease in GSK‐3β activity in these cells. Our results also suggest that the effect of TRPM4 on Akt1 is probably mediated by an alteration in the calcium/calmodulin‐EGFR axis, linking TRPM4 activity with the observed effects in β‐catenin‐related signaling pathways. These results suggest a role for TRPM4 channels in β‐catenin oncogene signaling and underlying mechanisms, highlighting this ion channel as a new potential target for future therapies in prostate cancer