334 research outputs found

    Communicating Unexpected Genetic Information with Family Members: A Multimethod Study of Secondary Findings Recipients

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    Background: Medically-actionable secondary genomic findings (SF) can be life- preserving or life-prolonging for recipients but this benefit can only extend to family members if this information is shared with relatives. How SF recipients communicate this important genetic information with relatives, barriers and facilitators to this process, and SF recipients’ lived experiences in communicating about their results over time remain largely unknown. Family communication is required for relatives of SF recipients to access cascade testing and the potential benefits of enhanced screening and management. Applying behavioral and implementation science theories and providing rich and deep descriptions of SF recipients’ lived experiences in sharing their results with relatives may lay the foundation for the development of future studies of interventions to optimize this process. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe SF recipients’ lived experience of sharing their results with family members and characterize self-reported determinants of this process. Methods: This multimethod study was conducted in two Phases. In Phase 1, existing data from interviews of SF recipients was analyzed to characterize self-reported determinants of family communication. The COM-B (Michie et al., 2014) was employed as the theoretical framework for the thematic analysis of existing data to describe SF recipients’ capability, opportunity, and motivation to share their results with their relatives. A novel interview guide based on this analysis was also developed in Phase 1. In Phase 2 purposive sampling to emphasize diversity of family communication experiences was employed to conduct novel phenomenological interviews (Moustakas, 2011) with SF recipients to develop a deeper understanding of their lived experiences of sharing their results with their relatives over time. These data were also thematically analyzed and coded to describe textural and structural elements of the described lived experiences. A second coder, bracketing, and member-checking were employed to enhance trustworthiness of the data. Results: A codebook mapped to the COM-B constructs of Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation was developed to analyze existing interview transcripts from 40 participants in Phase 1 of the study. Over a quarter of participants (n=13) demonstrated poor or uncertain knowledge (Capability) of their SF. Interpersonal and social factors affecting family communication (Social Opportunity) were described by 32 participants and over half of participants (n=22) described emotional closeness as a facilitator of family communication. Physical proximity and frequency of contact (Physical Opportunity) were also cited as determinants of family communication. Participants commonly discussed a desire to help relatives as a Reflective Motivator of family communication, and many also described worry or concern about how relatives might react to their sharing their SF (Automatic Motivation). Purposive sampling was used to assemble a cohort of 11 Phase 2 participants, and analysis of the novel phenomenologic interviews that characterized this Phase extended and deepened some Phase 1 findings. Two major themes emerged from analysis of Phase 2 data: 1) the experience of family communication of SF is one that engenders personal reflection and emotional responses, and 2) family communication of SF is strongly influenced by existing family dynamics. For Phase 2 participants the essential experience of sharing their SF with relatives was analogous to giving each family member an important and valuable gift; sharing SF information was a personal and loving act, and they were very invested in, and affected by, how relatives received it. Discussion: This study’s theory-informed approach demonstrated key ways family communication of SF parallels what is known about how families communicate about genetic information generally and suggests some possible differences that may form intervention development for this understudied population. SF recipients may lack both knowledge of the medical implications of their findings and a shared familial understanding of how family health history may be related to their finding. As well, while SF recipients may be motivated to share their findings with relatives to improve their care, they are tasked with sharing unexpected medical information within complex existing family systems. The interplay of these factors suggests that interventions designed to optimize family communication of SF may need to address both gaps in knowledge and understanding as well as communication strategies employed in family systems

    Influence du réservoir McTavish sur la qualité de l'eau potable dans le réseau de distribution de la ville de Montréal

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    RÉSUMÉ Le contrĂŽle de la qualitĂ© bactĂ©riologique de l'eau potable est essentiel pour s'assurer que la consommation d'eau ne risque pas d'affecter la santĂ© des consommateurs. Cette prĂ©occupation est devenue encore plus vive au Canada depuis les Ă©vĂšnements survenus Ă  Walkerton (Ontario) en mai 2000. Il est donc important de dĂ©terminer les causes des Ă©pisodes positifs en coliformes totaux survenant Ă  l'intĂ©rieur d'un rĂ©seau de distribution mĂȘme si les concentrations se situent bien en dessous du seuil rĂ©glementaire actuel de 10 UFC/l00mL. Or, depuis quelques annĂ©es, on dĂ©tecte rĂ©guliĂšrement des coliformes totaux Ă  la sortie du rĂ©servoir McTavish et ce occasionnellement Ă  des concentrations supĂ©rieures aux concentrations maximales acceptables. Ces Ă©pisodes surviennent surtout l'Ă©tĂ© (juin Ă  septembre) lorsque la tempĂ©rature de l'eau est supĂ©rieure Ă  20°C. Il s'avĂ©rait donc important de connaĂźtre et de comprendre les causes liĂ©es Ă  la prĂ©sence de ces organismes la sortie du rĂ©servoir. Le but principal du projet est donc d'identifier l'origine de ces coliformes totaux Ă  la sortie du rĂ©servoir McTavish et d'Ă©valuer leur impact sur la qualitĂ© de l'eau distribuĂ©e. Ce projet a Ă©tĂ© divisĂ© en trois parties soit (a) une caractĂ©risation hydraulique du rĂ©servoir, (b) une caractĂ©risation physico-chimique et bactĂ©riologique de la qualitĂ© de l'eau Ă  diffĂ©rents points du rĂ©servoir et (c) l'identification de l'origine des coliformes et une caractĂ©risation de l'inactivation de ces micro-organismes a) La caractĂ©risation hydraulique avait pour but principalement d'identifier les conduites d'entrĂ©e et de sortie du rĂ©servoir, de connaitre l'apport en dĂ©bit de chacune des entrĂ©es et le temps de sĂ©jour moyen de l'eau Ă  l'intĂ©rieur du rĂ©servoir. Pour cette Ă©tude, on a installĂ© un dĂ©bitmĂštre aux 5 entrĂ©es du rĂ©servoir. L'analyse des dĂ©bits montre que la conduite 60" est l'entrĂ©e principale du rĂ©servoir avec un dĂ©bit moyen de 5,5 m3/s. Ce dĂ©bit reprĂ©sente environ 69% du dĂ©bit total entrant dans le rĂ©servoir. Un bilan de masse rĂ©alisĂ© sur l'ensemble du rĂ©servoir indique que le temps de sĂ©jour moyen de l'eau y est de 4 heures 27 minutes. b) La caractĂ©risation physico-chimique et bactĂ©riologique avait pour but de connaĂźtre la qualitĂ© de l'eau au rĂ©servoir et aussi de localiser la source de contamination en coliformes totaux. La connaissance de la qualitĂ© de l'eau est rĂ©alisĂ©e par une mesure rĂ©guliĂšre de certains paramĂštres physico-chimiques (chlore rĂ©siduel, pH, tempĂ©rature, turbiditĂ©) et bactĂ©riologiques (BHA, coliformes totaux) aux entrĂ©es et sorties du rĂ©servoir. Les principaux rĂ©sultats montrent que les paramĂštres physico-chimiques ne varient pas beaucoup entre l'entrĂ©e et la sortie du rĂ©servoir et que la concentration en BHA est relativement faible Ă  la sortie (< 2 UFC/ml). c) La recherche de la source de contamination en coliformes totaux nous a amenĂ©, tout d'abord, Ă  rĂ©aliser des analyses aux entrĂ©es et Ă  l'intĂ©rieur du rĂ©servoir dans lequel la station de pompage puise son eau. Les rĂ©sultats nous ont permis de valider l'absence de coliformes totaux dĂ©tectables en provenance du rĂ©servoir. A partir de lĂ , les campagnes d'Ă©chantillonnage ont montrĂ© que la prĂ©sence de coliformes Ă  la sortie de la station de pompage Ă©tait intimement liĂ©e au fonctionnement de la pompe. En effet, l'analyse de I'eau Ă  des points situĂ©s sur la conduite en amont et en aval des pompes ainsi que sur la volute de la pompe montre des concentrations en coliformes nettement plus Ă©levĂ©es Ă  la volute comparativement Ă  l'amont ce qui indique que l'origine des coliformes se situe au niveau de la pompe ou juste en amont. Par ailleurs, des essais rĂ©alisĂ©s durant des sĂ©quences de mise en marche ou d'arrĂȘt momentanĂ©es des pompes indiquent la disparition complĂšte de ces organismes lors de l'arrĂȘt de la pompe et une augmentation nette des concentrations en coliformes immĂ©diatement aprĂšs le redĂ©marrage de la pompe. L'absence de ces organismes Ă  l'aval de la pompe indique une inactivation rapide des coliformes lorsqu'ils entrent en contact avec le chlore libre rĂ©siduel dans l'eau. Des essais rĂ©alisĂ©s sur le site afin d'Ă©valuer la cinĂ©tique d'inactivation de ces organismes indiquent un temps d'inactivation de 10 secondes pour un taux de chlore libre moyen mesurĂ© de 0,68 mg/L. Deux grandes hypothĂšses ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©mises pour expliquer plus finement l'origine des coliformes dĂ©tectĂ©s aux pompes. D'une part, la source de coliformes serait localisĂ©e sur une surface colonisĂ©e Ă  l'intĂ©rieur ou Ă  proximitĂ© de la pompe (tubercules de corrosion, cavitĂ©, biofilm) et l'action de la pompe engendrerait des forces de cisaillement sur ce milieu et provoquerait un dĂ©crochement continu de coliformes en fonction du taux de croissance de ces bactĂ©ries. D'autre part, le dĂ©nombrement de coliformes Ă  la volute de la pompe serait le rĂ©sultat d'un fractionnement et d'une dispersion de particules lors du passage de l'eau dans la turbine de la pompe. Plusieurs essais ont donc Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s afin de valider ces hypothĂšses. Un essai de filtration sur le site et des essais avec une pompe Ă  circuit fermĂ© en laboratoire nous ont permis de tester l'hypothĂšse reliĂ©e Ă  la dispersion des particules. L'ouverture de l'une des pompes nous a Ă©galement permis de vĂ©rifier l'hypothĂšse de la prĂ©sence de zones colonisĂ©es Ă  l'intĂ©rieur mĂȘme de la pompe. Or, aucun de ces essais n'a Ă©tĂ© concluant. L'investigation de la prĂ©sence possible d'un biofilm, dans les canalisations Ă  l'amont de la pompe, n'a pas Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e car la vĂ©rification in situ Ă©tait difficilement rĂ©alisable. On ne peut donc conclure clairement, aprĂšs cette Ă©tude, sur l'origine exacte des coliformes totaux Ă  la sortie (aux pompes) du rĂ©servoir McTavish. Pour terminer, ce projet nous a principalement permis de rĂ©aliser et de prendre conscience que les pompes distributrices pourraient ĂȘtre la source d'une "pseudo" contamination Ă  l'intĂ©rieur d'un rĂ©seau de distribution. Il est donc important de continuer les investigations pour identifier plus finement l'origine exacte des coliformes afin d'optimiser ultĂ©rieurement la qualitĂ© de l'eau de consommation. Il apparaĂźt important de dĂ©terminer, dans un premier temps, si la dĂ©tection rĂ©guliĂšre de coliformes totaux aux pompes est seulement attribuable aux conditions retrouvĂ©es au rĂ©servoir McTavish ou se manifeste Ă©galement de façon gĂ©nĂ©rale sur les autres pompes distributrices d'un rĂ©seau de distribution. À partir de tels rĂ©sultats, il serait alors plus facile d'orienter les futures recherches sur l'origine ou l'Ă©lĂ©ment dĂ©clencheur de cette prĂ©sence en coliformes totaux non fĂ©caux au rĂ©servoir McTavish. En annexe ce travail est aussi prĂ©sentĂ© le rapport de stage rĂ©alisĂ© dans le cadre de la maĂźtrise Ă  l'UniversitĂ© de Nancy 1 (France) dont le sujet traite de "l'influence d'un traitement phosphate sur l'adhĂ©sion des bactĂ©ries aux produits de corrosion". CONTENU Évolution de la qualitĂ© de l'eau potable dans un rĂ©seau de distribution -- Origine des bactĂ©ries en rĂ©seau de distribution -- Facteurs favorisants la recroissance des bactĂ©ries en rĂ©seau de distribution -- Les coliformes -- Impact des rĂ©servoirs sur la qualitĂ© de l'eau potable -- Origine et nature des bactĂ©ries dans un rĂ©servoir d'eau potable -- Facteurs favorisant la recroissance des bactĂ©ries dans un rĂ©servoir d'eau potable -- CaractĂ©risation hydraulique du rĂ©servoir Mctavish -- Les dĂ©bitmĂštres -- DĂ©bit aux entrĂ©es -- Bilan de masse du rĂ©servoir -- Bilan de masse du canal d'alimentation et d'aspiration -- Sens d'Ă©coulement de l'eau dans le rĂ©servoir -- Impact du rĂ©servoir sur la qualitĂ© de l'eau et localisation de l'origine des coliformes -- Approches expĂ©rimentales -- Échantillonnage du canal d'alimentation et d'aspiration -- ArrĂȘt et redĂ©marrage d'une pompe -- Test de dispersion des particules en laboratoire Ă  l'aide d'une pompe en circuit fermĂ© -- Essai de filtration -- Essai de la cinĂ©tique d'inactivation des coliformes -- MatĂ©riel d'Ă©chantillonnage et mĂ©thodes de prĂ©lĂšvements -- MĂ©thodes analytiques -- Compteurs de particules -- TurbidimĂštre -- Impact du rĂ©servoir sur la qualitĂ© de l'eau et localisation de l'origine des coliformes -- Localisation de l'origine des coliformes totaux et des colonies atypiques -- HypothĂšses sur l'origine des coliformes totaux et des colonies atypiques -- Inactivation des coliformes totaux et des colonies atypiques par l'oxydant

    Utilisation du comportement natatoire de Daphnia magna comme indicateur sensible et précoce de toxicité pour l'évaluation de la qualité de l'eau

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    Swimming behavior is increasingly reported as a sensitive and early indicator of toxicant stress in aquatic organisms. However, it remains unclear how to quantify the sensitivity of swimming behavioral endpoints and how to compare these effect thresholds with standard ecotoxicological endpoints used in risk assessment. To date, the systematic assessment of the sensitivity of swimming behavioral endpoints in daphnia is limited because of the restrained test capacity of existing behavioral analysis systems. Hence, we developed a new behavioral analysis multi-cellsystemnamed “Multi-DaphTrack” with a high throughput testing capacity in order to enhance our understanding of swimming behavioral effects in Daphnia magnaunder chemical exposure. Twelve compounds covering different modes oftoxic action were selected and tested in this new system andin a single-cell commercialized biomonitor (DaphToxIÂź) and with the acute standard test.Our new multi-cellexposure system detectedsignificant and early swimming behavioral effects (i.e.,increase of the average speed) for most of the tested compounds and this, from the first hour of exposure at concentrations near the EC10(48h). Contrastedbehavioral profiles were observed for average speed (i.e., intensity, time of effect onset, effect duration), but no distinct behavioral profiles could be drawn from the chemical mode of action. Despite less sensitive,the DaphToxIÂźgave similar trends (i.e.,rapid peak increase) compared to our “Multi-DaphTrack” system. To conclude, behavior analysis using our “Multi-DaphTrack”systemcould be used as an alternative or complement to the current acute standard test for toxicity assessment of chemicals. With some additional improvements and validations, it also could be used forquality assessment of waterbodiesand sewages.Les paramĂštres comportementaux sont de plus en plus considĂ©rĂ©s comme Ă©tant des indicateurs sensibles et prĂ©coces de toxicitĂ© chez les organismes aquatiques. Cependant, l’utilisation du comportement natatoire comme critĂšre de toxicitĂ© pour l’analyse de risque environnemental ou pour le contrĂŽle de la qualitĂ© de l’eau reste pour l’heure encore limitĂ©e. En effet, il est actuellement difficile de quantifier la sensibilitĂ© des paramĂštres comportementaux et d’établir un lien entre les seuils d’effets comportementaux et les effets aigus et subaigus classiquement mesurĂ©s dans les tests en Ă©cotoxicologie. Dans le but d’amĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension des effets comportementaux des polluants sur Daphnia magna, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un nouveau systĂšme de mesure du comportement multi-cuves baptisĂ© «Multi-DaphTrack ». Douze substances toxiques, couvrant une large gamme de modes d’action diffĂ©rents ont Ă©tĂ© testĂ©es dans ce systĂšme. Un test standard d’immobilisation ainsi que des analyses de comportement dans le toximĂštre DaphToxIÂź, ont Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s pour chaque substance afin de comparer les seuilsd’effets comportementaux avec les paramĂštres classiques d’immobilisation. Les rĂ©sultats des expositions aux diffĂ©rentes substances ont dĂ©montrĂ© que notre nouveau systĂšme d’exposition multi-cuves permet de dĂ©tecter des effets comportementaux (i.e.,augmentation de la vitesse de nage) significatifs et prĂ©coces pour l’ensemble des substances testĂ©es et ce, Ă  des concentrations proches de la CE10(48 h) du test aigu d’immobilisation dĂšs la premiĂšre heure d’exposition. Des profils comportementaux diffĂ©rents ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s selon les substances testĂ©es (i.e., intensitĂ©, temps de latence et durĂ©e de l’effet) mais ceux-ci ne sont pas spĂ©cifiques d’un mode d’action particulier. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus avec le toximĂštre DaphToxIÂźont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© des profils d’effet similaires (i.e.,augmentation de la vitesse de nage) bien que ce systĂšme soit globalement moins sensible par rapport au systĂšme «Multi-DaphTrack». Pour conclure, notre nouveau systĂšme d’exposition multi-cuves «Multi-DaphTrack» est un outil plus sensible et prĂ©coce que letest standard d’immobilisation pour l’évaluation de la toxicitĂ© de substances chimiques. L’utilisation du systĂšme «Multi-DaphTrack» pourrait donc ĂȘtre envisagĂ©e, aprĂšs quelques amĂ©liorations et validation supplĂ©mentaires, pour l’évaluation de la qualitĂ© des masses d’eauet des effluents

    MicroRNAs in the Functional Defects of Skin Aging

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    Humankind has always been intrigued by death, as illustrated by the eternal quest for the fountain of youth. Aging is a relentless biological process slowly progressing as life cycle proceeds. Indeed, aging traduces an accumulation of physiological changes over time that render organisms more likely to die. Thus, despite our mastery of advanced technologies and robust medical knowledge, defining the molecular basis of aging to control lifespan is still currently one of the greatest challenges in biology. In mammals, the skin is the ultimate multitasker vital organ, protecting organisms from the world they live in. As a preferential interface with the environment, the skin is reflecting the internal physiological balances. The maintenance of these balances, called homeostasis, depends on the concurrent assimilation of diversified signals at the cellular level. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by mRNAs degradation or translational repression. Their relatively recent discovery in 2000 provided new insights into the understanding of the gene regulatory networks. In this chapter, we focused on the role of three miRNA families, namely miR-30, miR-200, and miR-181, playing a key role in the progression of the skin aging process, with particular input in mechanistic considerations related to autophagy, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial homeostasis

    Growth factor-mediated phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD reduces tubule cell death in vitro and in vivo

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    Growth factor-mediated phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD reduces tubule cell death in vitro and in vivo.BackgroundExogenous growth factors administered during unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in neonatal rats significantly reduce apoptosis and tubular atrophy. Because the mechanism underlying these salutary effects is largely unknown, we investigated signaling pathways potentially activated by growth factors to determine their roles in therapeutic action.MethodsMechanical strain was applied to confluent cultures of immortalized rat proximal tubule cells to simulate obstruction-induced stretch injury in vivo. Growth factors, inhibitory antibodies or pharmacological inhibitors were added to cultures that were subsequently processed for TUNEL analysis or immunoblots to identify signaling pathways that could be modulating cell survival. For in vivo studies, kidneys harvested from rats ± UUO ± epidermal growth factor (EGF) were fixed or frozen for immunohistochemistry or immunoblot analysis.ResultsTreatment with EGF or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) during stretch decreased apoptosis by 50% (P < 0.001). Neutralizing antibodies (Abs) directed against either growth factor or its receptor blocked the reduction in apoptosis. Stretch decreased BAD phosphorylation by ∌50% (P < 0.001) relative to unstretched cells and each growth factor restored phosphorylation to basal levels. Kinase-specific inhibitors that blocked growth factor-mediated BAD phosphorylation promoted apoptosis in vitro. BAD phosphorylation decreased by ∌50% (P < 0.001) in the tubules of obstructed hydronephrotic rat kidneys and administration of EGF restored BAD phosphorylation to basal levels.ConclusionsSignaling pathways converging at BAD phosphorylation are key to growth factor-mediated attenuation of stretch-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo

    Age-related differentiation in verbal and visuo-spatial working memory processing in childhood

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    Working memory (WM), a key feature of the cognitive system, allows for maintaining and processing information simultaneously and in a controlled manner. WM processing continuously develops across childhood, with significant increases both in verbal and visuo-spatial WM. Verbal and visuospatial WM may show different developmental trajectories, as verbal (but not visuospatial) WM relies on internal verbal rehearsal, which is less developed in younger children. We examined complex VWM and VSWM performance in 125 younger (age 4 to 6 years) and 101 older (age 8 to10 years) children. Latent multi-group modeling showed that (1) older children performed better on both verbal and visuospatial WM span tasks than younger children, (2) both age groups performed better on verbal than visuospatial WM, and (3) a model with two factors representing verbal and visuospatial WM fit the data better than a one-factor model. Importantly, the correlation between the two factors was significantly higher in younger than in older children, suggesting an age-related differentiation of verbal and spatial WM processing in middle childhood. Age-related differentiation is an important characteristic of cognitive functioning and thus the findings contribute to our general understanding of WM processing

    Consistent use of proactive control and relation with academic achievement in childhood

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    As children become older, they better maintain task-relevant information in preparation of upcoming cognitive demands. This is referred to as proactive control, which is a key component of cognitive control development. However, it is still uncertain whether children engage in proactive control consistently across different contexts and how proactive control relates to academic abilities. This study used two common tasks—the AX Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) and the Cued Task-Switching Paradigm (CTS)—to examine whether proactive control engagement in 102 children (age range: 6.91–10.91 years) converges between the two tasks and predicts academic abilities. Proactive control indices modestly correlated between tasks in higher but not lower working-memory children, suggesting that consistency in proactive control engagement across contexts is relatively low during childhood but increases with working memory capacity. Further, working memory (but not verbal speed) predicted proactive control engagement in both tasks. While proactive control as measured by each task predicted math and reading performance, only proactive control measured by CTS additionally predicted reasoning, suggesting that proactive control can be used as a proxy for academic achievements

    Thermal conductivity of InAs quantum dot stacks using AlAs strain compensating layers on InP substrate

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    International audienceThe growth and thermal conductivity of InAs quantum dot (QD) stacks embedded in GaInAs matrix with AlAs compensating layers deposited on (1 1 3)B InP substrate are presented. The effect of the strain compensating AlAs layer is demonstrated through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction structural analysis. The thermal conductivity (2.7 W/m K at 300 K) measured by the 3ω method reveals to be clearly reduced in comparison with a bulk InGaAs layer (5 W/m K). In addition, the thermal conductivity measurements of S doped InP substrates and the SiN insulating layer used in the 3ω method in the 20-200 °C range are also presented. An empirical law is proposed for the S doped InP substrate, which slightly differs from previously presented results
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