Additives in the diet of broiler chickens under infectious stress by coccidian

Um experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o efeito de diferentes aditivos na integridade intestinal e no desempenho de frangos de corte sob condições de estresse infeccioso. Utilizou-se 240 frangos Cobb de um dia de idade e quatro dietas experimentais: dieta controle sem aditivo, probiótico, óleos essenciais e antibiótico. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR), conversão alimentar (CA), escores de lesão intestinal, altura (AV) e densidade de vilos (DV), profundidade de cripta (PC) e a relação vilos:cripta (V:C) nos segmentos intestinais. Aos 28 dias foi encontrado nos animais alimentados com a dieta com óleos essenciais maior (P<0,05) escore de lesão. A menor PC e a maior (P<0,05) relação V:C foram encontradas em animais que receberam antibiótico aos 21 e 28 dias. As dietas com probiótico e antibiótico possibilitaram maior (P<0,05) CR e GP no período de 21 dias. Porém, os animais que receberam a dieta com probiótico não apresentaram melhor (P<0,05) CA. Com exceção da CA aos 21 dias, as dietas analisadas não melhoraram (P<0,05) o desempenho e o escore de lesão dos animais em relação à dieta controle.An experiment was conduct to evaluate the effect of different additives around intestinal integrity and performance from broilers by infectious stress. We used 240 broilers and 4 experimental diets: control diet without additives, probiotic, essential oils and antibiotic. Weight gain (WG),feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), as well as height, width and density of villi, crypt depth (CD) and the ratio of villi height by crypt depth (V:C) of the intestinal segments were evaluated. The essential oils diet at 28 days found major (P < 0.05) lesion score. The lowest CD and highest V: C ratio (P<0.05) found in animals received antibiotics at 21 and 28 days. Diets with probiotic and antibiotic provided higher (P <0.05) FI and WG in the 21 day period. However, animals receiving the probiotic diet did not present better (P<0.05) FC. With the exception of FC at 21 days, the diets analyzed did not improve (P<0.05) the performance and the lesion score of the animals in relation to the control diet

Effect of probiotic and enzymes in the diets of growing poultry

Three hundred and twenty Ross male broiler chickens, about 32 to 35 days old, were used to evaluate the effect of probiotic and enzymes in diets containing two energy levels. The standard diet contained 3150 kcal/kg and was based on corn and soybean meal, and the low energy diet had 100 kcal/kg less than the standard diet because it included wheat bran. Eachenergy level was tested using four treatments: without additive, enzymes, probiotic and enzymes plus probiotic. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x4 factorial arrangement totaling eight treatments with five repetitions of eight birds. The effects of apparent metabolizable energy and digestibility of dry matter, crude energy, crude protein, sludge, water and nitrogen excretion were calculated. The level of energy in the diets affected all of the parameters analyzed (P<0.001). The results showed that the low energy diets were less digestible than the standard energy diets and the addition of additives alone, or in combination, did not improve the digestibility of the diets or reduce the sludge production from the poultry during the growth period

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data