Schwache Tendenz zu mehr Ungleichheit: Einkommensverteilung in Ostdeutschland 1999 und 2002

Der Beitrag untersucht die Einkommensverteilung in Ostdeutschland (ohne Berlin) für die Jahre 1999 und 2002 mit den Daten des Mikrozensus. Bislang wurden diese Daten nur sehr selten zur Analyse der Einkommensverteilung verwendet. Aufgrund der großen Fallzahlen jedoch bietet der Mikrozensus die Möglichkeit, detailliert bestimmte Gruppen der Gesellschaft hinsichtlich ihrer Einkommenslage und ihrer persönlichen Merkmale zu untersuchen. Neben bekannten Maßen zur Charakterisierung der Einkommensverteilung werden Dezilanteile und -verhältnisse berechnet und spezifische Armutsmaße ausgewiesen. Im Unterschied zur überwiegenden Zahl von Untersuchungen zur Einkommensverteilung, die auf dem traditionellen Familienkonzept beruhen, werden hier die Lebensgemeinschaften entsprechend dem Konzept der neuen Lebensform verwendet, das seit 1996 vom Statistischen Bundesamt ausgewiesen wird. Schließlich, und dies ist der dritte Unterschied zu den meisten Untersuchungen, wird durch Logit-Schätzungen versucht, das Konzept der neuen Lebensformen durch eine Auswahl geeigneter erklärender Variablen zu spezifizieren. Hierbei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf mögliche Determinanten einer relativen Armut, definiert als äquivalenzgewichtetes Einkommen, das 60% der Medianeinkommens nicht überschreitet. Die eindimensionalen Verteilungs-, Ungleichheitsund Armutsmaße legen den Schluß nahe, daß sich die Einkommensverteilung in Ostdeutschland im Beobachtungszeitraum zu einer größeren Ungleichheit hin entwickelt hat. Aus den Logit-Schätzungen kann als Ergebnis festgehalten werden, daß insbesondere Lebensgemeinschaften mit Kindern einem deutlich höheren Armutsrisiko ausgesetzt sind als Paare ohne Kinder. Weiterhin steigt mit zunehmender Kinderzahl das Armutsrisiko deutlich an

Stability of gene rankings from RNAi screens

Motivation: Genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) experiments are becoming a widely used approach for identifying intracellular molecular pathways of specific functions. However, detecting all relevant genes involved in a biological process is challenging, because typically only few samples per gene knock-down are available and readouts tend to be very noisy. We investigate the reliability of top scoring hit lists obtained from RNAi screens, compare the performance of different ranking methods, and propose a new ranking method to improve the reproducibility of gene selection. Results: The performance of different ranking methods is assessed by the size of the stable sets they produce, i.e. the subsets of genes which are estimated to be re-selected with high probability in independent validation experiments. Using stability selection, we also define a new ranking method, called stability ranking, to improve the stability of any given base ranking method. Ranking methods based on mean, median, t-test and rank-sum test, and their stability-augmented counterparts are compared in simulation studies and on three microscopy image RNAi datasets. We find that the rank-sum test offers the most favorable trade-off between ranking stability and accuracy and that stability ranking improves the reproducibility of all and the accuracy of several ranking methods. Availability: Stability ranking is freely available as the R/Bioconductor package staRank at http://www.cbg.ethz.ch/software/staRank. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics onlin

Yttrium-90 radioembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: predictive modeling strategies to anticipate tumor response and improve patient selection

Objectives: This study aims to better characterize potential responders of Y-90-radioembolization at baseline through analysis of clinical variables and contrast enhanced (CE) MRI tumor volumetry in order to adjust therapeutic regimens early on and to improve treatment outcomes. Methods: Fifty-eight HCC patients who underwent Y-90-radioembolization at our center between 10/2008 and 02/2017 were retrospectively included. Pre- and post-treatment target lesion volumes were measured as total tumor volume (TTV) and enhancing tumor volume (ETV). Survival analysis was performed with Cox regression models to evaluate 65% ETV reduction as surrogate endpoint for treatment efficacy. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the combination of baseline clinical variables and tumor volumetry as predictors of >= 65% ETV reduction. Results: Mean patients' age was 66 (SD 8.7) years, and 12 were female (21%). Sixty-seven percent of patients suffered from liver cirrhosis. Median survival was 11 months. A threshold of >= 65% in ETV reduction allowed for a significant (p = 0.04) separation of the survival curves with a median survival of 11 months in non-responders and 17 months in responders. Administered activity per tumor volume did predict neither survival nor ETV reduction. A baseline ETV/TTV ratio greater than 50% was the most important predictor of arterial devascularization (odds ratio 6.3) in a statistically significant (p = 0.001) multivariable logistic regression model. The effect size was strong with a Cohen's f of 0.89. Conclusion: We present a novel approach to identify promising candidates for Y-90 radioembolization at pre-treatment baseline MRI using tumor volumetry and clinical baseline variables

Institutional strategies related to test-taking behavior in low stakes assessment

Low stakes assessment without grading the performance of students in educational systems has received increasing attention in recent years. It is used in formative assessments to guide the learning process as well as in large-scales assessments to monitor educational programs. Yet, such assessments suffer from high variation in students' test-taking effort. We aimed to identify institutional strategies related to serious test-taking behavior in low stakes assessment to provide medical schools with practical recommendations on how test-taking effort might be increased. First, we identified strategies that were already used by medical schools to increase the serious test-taking behavior on the low stakes Berlin Progress Test (BPT). Strategies which could be assigned to self-determination theory of Ryan and Deci were chosen for analysis. We conducted the study at nine medical schools in Germany and Austria with a total of 108,140 observations in an established low stakes assessment. A generalized linear-mixed effects model was used to assess the association between institutional strategies and the odds that students will take the BPT seriously. Overall, two institutional strategies were found to be positively related to more serious test-taking behavior: discussing low test performance with the mentor and consequences for not participating. Giving choice was negatively related to more serious test-taking behavior. At medical schools that presented the BPT as evaluation, this effect was larger in comparison to medical schools that presented the BPT as assessment

Healthcare professionals’ perspectives on working conditions, leadership, and safety climate: a cross-sectional study

Background: Promoting patient and occupational safety are two key challenges for hospitals. When aiming to improve these two outcomes synergistically, psychosocial working conditions, leadership by hospital management and supervisors, and perceptions of patient and occupational safety climate have to be considered. Recent studies have shown that these key topics are interrelated and form a critical foundation for promoting patient and occupational safety in hospitals. So far, these topics have mainly been studied independently from each other. The present study investigated hospital staffs’ perceptions of four different topics: (1) psychosocial working conditions, (2) leadership, (3) patient safety climate, and (4) occupational safety climate. We present results from a survey in two German university hospitals aiming to detect differences between nurses and physicians. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study using a standardized paper-based questionnaire. The survey was conducted with nurses and physicians to assess the four topics. The instruments mainly consisted of scales of the German version of the COPSOQ (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire), one scale of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), scales to assess leadership and transformational leadership, scales to assess patient safety climate using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSPSC), and analogous items to assess occupational safety climate. Results: A total of 995 completed questionnaires out of 2512 distributed questionnaires were returned anonymously. The overall response rate was 39.6%. The sample consisted of 381 physicians and 567 nurses. We found various differences with regard to the four topics. In most of the COPSOQ and the HSPSC-scales, physicians rated psychosocial working conditions and patient safety climate more positively than nurses. With regard to occupational safety, nurses indicated higher occupational risks than physicians. Conclusions: The WorkSafeMed study combined the assessment of the four topics psychosocial working conditions, leadership, patient safety climate, and occupational safety climate in hospitals. Looking at the four topics provides an overview of where improvements in hospitals may be needed for nurses and physicians. Based on these results, improvements in working conditions, patient safety climate, and occupational safety climate are required for health care professionals in German university hospitals – especially for nurses

Correction to: Healthcare professionals’ perspectives on working conditions, leadership, and safety climate: a crosssectional study

Correction to: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3862-7 In the original publication of this article, the authors missed that reverse coding was necessary for the item “Do you work separate from your colleagues?” before calculating the scale ‘social relations’. So they corrected the analysis accordingly. The results with the revised scale show that there are no longer any significant differences between nurses and physicians with regard to this scale

Guidelines and recommendations for ensuring Good Epidemiological Practice (GEP): a guideline developed by the German Society for Epidemiology

Objective To revise the German guidelines and recommendations for ensuring Good Epidemiological Practice (GEP) that were developed in 1999 by the German Society for Epidemiology (DGEpi), evaluated and revised in 2004, supplemented in 2008, and updated in 2014. Methods The executive board of the DGEpi tasked the third revision of the GEP. The revision was arrived as a result of a consensus-building process by a working group of the DGEpi in collaboration with other working groups of the DGEpi and with the German Association for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, the German Society of Social Medicine and Prevention (DGSMP), the German Region of the International Biometric Society (IBS-DR), the German Technology, Methods and Infrastructure for Networked Medical Research (TMF), and the German Network for Health Services Research (DNVF). The GEP also refers to related German Good Practice documents (e.g. Health Reporting, Cartographical Practice in the Healthcare System, Secondary Data Analysis). Results The working group modified the 11 guidelines (after revision: 1 ethics, 2 research question, 3 study protocol and manual of operations, 4 data protection, 5 sample banks, 6 quality assurance, 7 data storage and documentation, 8 analysis of epidemiological data, 9 contractual framework, 10 interpretation and scientific publication, 11 communication and public health) and modified and supplemented the related recommendations. All participating scientific professional associations adopted the revised GEP. Conclusions The revised GEP are addressed to everyone involved in the planning, preparation, execution, analysis, and evaluation of epidemiological research, as well as research institutes and funding bodies.Peer Reviewe