Flow Characteristics in Perforated Subsurface Drain of Drainage System Application: Case Study of Gate Fully Open with Longitudinal Slope 1/500

Subsurface drainage is part of a sustainable drainage system's components. This component represents the infiltration of stormwater into the subsurface drainage system for flow attenuation purposes. This study examines the flow parameters of subsurface drainage components. The laboratory validation of perforated subsurface drains was conducted at a longitudinal slope gradient of 1/500 with the Gate Fully Open. The manning, n data obtained in these experiments varies with several hydraulic parameters. Therefore, the experimental relationship between the flow characteristics of these subsurface drain components has been investigated. The relationship between flow behavior has been determined. The sub-critical and supercritical, and turbulence flow has occurred in this stud

Flow Characteristics in Perforated Subsurface Drain of Drainage System Application: Case Study of Gate Fully Open with Longitudinal Slope 1/500

Subsurface drainage is part of a sustainable drainage system's components. This component represents the infiltration of stormwater into the subsurface drainage system for flow attenuation purposes. This study examines the flow parameters of subsurface drainage components. The laboratory validation of perforated subsurface drains was conducted at a longitudinal slope gradient of 1/500 with the Gate Fully Open. The manning, n data obtained in these experiments varies with several hydraulic parameters. Therefore, the experimental relationship between the flow characteristics of these subsurface drain components has been investigated. The relationship between flow behavior has been determined. The sub-critical and supercritical, and turbulence flow has occurred in this stud

Nickel removal from electroless nickel plating wastewater using chitosan-membrane filtration

Nickel solution used in the plating process results in the contamination of the wastewater stream which is very hazardous and toxic to human, animal and the environment. Electroless nickel wastewater must be treated before being dumped into water bodies. Membrane filtration and adsorption have been widely applied in wastewater containing heavy metals. Adsorption process is the main treatment method and membrane filtration acted as a post treatment. Since adsorption is renowned as a promising technique in heavy metal removal, chitosan solution as an adsorbent showed higher advantages compared to chitosan flakes. The parameters studied were pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time and their optimum conditions were found to be 5.75, 2.11g/L, and 81 minute respectively obtained by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) from STATISTICA v8.0. After treated by adsorption, the wastewater was filtered by Whatman filter paper and followed by membrane filtration while using the submerged hollow fiber system. The critical flux was determined by critical flux step and the operational flux used was flux four. The results show that, nickel removal was 95.18% when using adsorption. By integrating the two processes of adsorption-membrane filtration, nickel removal obtained was 98.27% and the adsorption process helped to reduce membrane fouling. For the isotherm and kinetics study in adsorption process, the experimental data were found to fit the Freundlich isotherm and Pseudo-second order kinetics. In conclusion, adsorption-membrane filtration process was found to be an effective treatment option for wastewater containing nickel

Investigation on the Urban Grey Water Treatment Using a Cost-Effective Solar Distillation Still

Treating urban grey water with physical, chemical, and biological treatment techniques and reusing it as a sustainable non-potable water source has received much attention recently, yet there is a lack of studies regarding it. In this work, a typical slum nearby an urban household area in Malaysia was selected as a source of contaminated grey water which is located on the opposite side of a building site (100°29′ E and 5°7′ N) located in an urban area in a city in the Perak state, namely Parit Buntar, where the total urban grey water was being accumulated. Poor sanitation of that slum was seen to pose various health risks to the public, and hence, the importance of treating its grey water was perceived. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a low-cost double slope passive solar still by treating the grey water from the aforementioned slum, as well as to analyze the quality, quantity, and cost per liter of the produced water. Grey water was collected and filled in the solar still basin at s depth of 1 cm. The cover and basin of the solar still were made from transparent polythene film and black-painted stainless steel trough, respectively, while the frame was made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the solar still was named PSSG1 abbreviated. PSSG1 was exposed to Malaysia’s climate conditions for several days from 8.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), which was able to produce the maximum amount of water up to 4.11 L/m2·d with the cost per liter/m2 of only USD 0.0082. Water quality parameters tested showed that water produced from PSSG1 met the standards of the restricted and unrestricted reusable non-potable grey water, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Malaysian class I drinking water standards. It was also found that the PSSG1 with higher average daily basin water temperature produced water with higher quality for the reuse applications and yielded healthier water compared to the water produced by some reported previous grey water treatment techniques. Therefore, the cost-effective PSSG1 can be used as a daily practical alternative for treating low-strength grey water collected from various urban household areas in Malaysia in order to assist pollutants removal from the drained urban grey waters