A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women\u27s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide

Although public-health-based violence-prevention trials have been successful in a variety of high-risk settings, no study has addressed the prevention of genocide, a form of population-based catastrophic violence. In addition, little is known about women who participate in genocide, including women’s motivations for active participation in hands-on battery, assault, or murder. In order to explain why women assaulted or murdered targeted victims during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, we interviewed ten Rwandan female genocide perpetrators living in prisons and communities in six Rwandan provinces in 2005. Respondents’ narratives reveal two distinct pictures of life in Rwanda, separated by an abrupt transition: Life prior to 6 April 1994 and Life during the 1994 genocide (6 April–15 July 1994). In addition, respondents described four experiential pressures that shaped their choices to participate in the 1994 genocide: (1) a disaster mentality; (2) fear of the new social order; (3) confusion or ambivalence about events on the ground; and (4) consonance and dissonance with gender roles. The unique combination of these factors that motivated each female genocide participant in Rwanda in 1994 would shift and evolve with new situations. These findings may have implications for understanding and preventing catastrophic violence in other high-risk jurisdictions

A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women\u27s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide

Although public-health-based violence-prevention trials have been successful in a variety of high-risk settings, no study has addressed the prevention of genocide, a form of population-based catastrophic violence. In addition, little is known about women who participate in genocide, including women’s motivations for active participation in hands-on battery, assault, or murder. In order to explain why women assaulted or murdered targeted victims during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, we interviewed ten Rwandan female genocide perpetrators living in prisons and communities in six Rwandan provinces in 2005. Respondents’ narratives reveal two distinct pictures of life in Rwanda, separated by an abrupt transition: Life prior to 6 April 1994 and Life during the 1994 genocide (6 April–15 July 1994). In addition, respondents described four experiential pressures that shaped their choices to participate in the 1994 genocide: (1) a disaster mentality; (2) fear of the new social order; (3) confusion or ambivalence about events on the ground; and (4) consonance and dissonance with gender roles. The unique combination of these factors that motivated each female genocide participant in Rwanda in 1994 would shift and evolve with new situations. These findings may have implications for understanding and preventing catastrophic violence in other high-risk jurisdictions

Processes of Metastudy: A Study of Psychosocial Adaptation to Childhood Chronic Health Conditions

Metastudy introduces a systematically aggregated interpretive portrayal of a body of literature, based on saturation and the synthesis of findings. In this metastudy, the authors examined qualitative studies addressing psychosocial adaptation to childhood chronic health conditions, published over a 30-year period (1970–2000). They describe metastudy processes, including study identification, strategies for study search and retrieval, adjudication of difference in study design and rigor, and analysis of findings. They also illustrate metastudy components through examples drawn from this project and discuss implications for practice and recommendations

A systematic review of research evidence on : (a) 24-hour registered nurse availability in long-term care, and (b) the relationship between nurse staffing and quality in long-term care

BACKGROUND: Long term care (LTC) facilities offer care for people requiring the availability of 24-hour nursing. Staff in LTC facilities include licensed nursing staff: registered nurses (RNs) registered psychiatric nurses (RPNs), and licensed practical nurses (LPNs), as well as unregulated nurse/care aides. RN/RPNs and LPNs are trained to assess residents and provide nursing care to promote health and prevent illness. The work presented in this report includes: • a review of existing nurse staffing regulations relating to 24-hour nurse staffing in LTC facilities (Chapter 2), • literature review relating to the 24-hour RN cover question (Chapter 3), and • the review of broader nurse staffing literature (Chapter 4). NURSE STAFFING REGULATIONS: In Canada, six provinces require all LTC facilities, regardless of size, to have an RN on duty 24 hours a day; 7 days per week (24/7). Alberta requires an RN to be on-call, if not on duty, 24/7, and two provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia) require an RN to be on duty 24/7 in larger facilities only (i.e. exceptions made for LTC facilities with less than 30 beds). British Columbia is the only province that does not have a regulatory requirement for an RN on duty 24/7. Policy alternatives to the 24/7 on-duty RN/RPN in LTC (taken from existing arrangements in place in Canada or the US) include: • General guidelines for ‗sufficient‘ staffing to meet resident needs, but no specific staffing levels or occupations; • A minimum of on-call RN/RPN staffing, if an RN/RPN is not on duty; • Licensed nurse staffing that varies depending upon the number of residents or beds in the LTC facility; • Nurse staffing that allows for exceptions or waivers to the requirement for RN/RPN staffing; and • 24 hours/7 days per week RN, RPN or LPN staffing (current US Federal Policy). REVIEW OF LITERATURE on 24/7 RN/RPN REQUIREMENT: The policy question addressed by the review was: ―What are the policy alternatives to 24-hour availability (on-call and/or on-site) of RNs/RPNs in special care homes, and what are the implications of each alternative in terms of care quality and resident outcomes?‖ An exhaustive search was undertaken (involving review of the titles/abstracts of 5,707 empirical research articles and 657 reviews) that revealed a distinct paucity of research on the 24-hr RN/RPN question. No directly relevant studies were found. BROADER NURSE STAFFING LITERATURE: The paucity of literature on the 24-hour RN question necessitated the expansion of the scope of the project to include broader literature on nurse staffing in LTC settings. The research evidence on the mix of RN staff to other nursing staff in LTC settings is itself ‘mixed‘. Some studies indicate that reducing the RN ratio (i.e. fewer RNs relative to other nursing staff) would have negative consequences on quality and outcomes. However, other studies do not find such associations, indicating no quality reductions through such changes in the make-up of the nursing staff complement. High quality studies that have explored the relationship between quality/outcomes and RN staffing levels predominantly indicate a positive relationship: higher levels of RN staffing are associated with better outcomes. The majority of the literature has explored the RN level question and fewer studies have looked at the LPN level and its link to quality and outcomes. The policy conclusions from the LPN literature suggest positive relationships (more LPNs associated with better outcomes) for some resident outcomes but negative relationships for other outcomes, even controlling for the number of RN staff. To be clear, a negative relationship indicates poorer outcomes associated with higher numbers of LPN staff. POLICY AND RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS: The policy challenge in the Saskatchewan context is whether to move away from the current 24-hour RN requirement. There is no empirical research work to inform a policy switch but it should also be emphasised that there is no empirical work that supports the current regulatory requirement. The only literature that discussed the question explicitly is expert panel reports in the US, all of which recommended 24-hour RN cover in nursing homes. None of the high quality research on nurse staffing mix and levels in LTC settings was undertaken in Canada; the vast majority of the research work cited in this report is from the US. Given the very different nurse training levels seen in Canada compared to the US, and the variability in resident populations in LTC settings between the two countries, the lack of Canadian research on this issue is surprising. Future Canadian research exploring the relationship between nurse staffing and outcomes in LTC settings is an urgent priority.Family Practice, Department ofApplied Science, Faculty ofNursing, School ofOther UBCNon UBCMedicine, Faculty ofPopulation and Public Health (SPPH), School ofUnreviewedFacultyResearcherOthe