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    Unveiling Trail Making Test: Visual and manual trajectories indexing multiple executive processes

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    The Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most popular neuropsychological tests for executive functions (EFs) assessment. It presents several strengths: it is sensitive to executive dysfunction, it is easy to understand, and has a short administration. However, it has important limitations. First, the underlying EFs articulated during the task are not well discriminated, which makes it a test with low specificity. Second, the pen-and-paper version presents one trial per condition which introduces high variability. Third, only the total time is quantified, which does not allow for a detailed analysis. Fourth, it has a fixed spatial configuration per condition. We designed a computerised version of the TMT to overcome its main limitations and evaluated it in a group of neurotypical adults. Eye and hand positions are measured with high resolution over several trials, and spatial configuration is controlled. Our results showed a very similar performance profile compared to the traditional TMT. Moreover, it revealed differences in eye movements between parts A and B. Most importantly, based on hand and eye movements, we found an internal working memory measure that showed an association to a validated working memory task. Additionally, we proposed another internal measure as a potential marker of inhibitory control. Our results showed that EFs can be studied in more detail using traditional tests combined with powerful digital setups. The cTMT showed potential use in older adult populations and patients with EFs disorders.Fil: Linari, Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Ciencias de la Computaci贸n. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Ciencias de la Computaci贸n; ArgentinaFil: Juantorena, Gustavo Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Ciencias de la Computaci贸n. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Ciencias de la Computaci贸n; ArgentinaFil: Ib谩帽ez, Santiago Agust铆n. Trinity College Dublin; Irlanda. University of California; Estados Unidos. Universidad de San Andr茅s; Argentina. Universidad Adolfo Iba帽ez; Chile. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas; ArgentinaFil: Petroni, Agust铆n. University Goteborg; Suecia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Ciencias de la Computaci贸n. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Ciencias de la Computaci贸n; ArgentinaFil: Kamienkowski, Juan Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient铆ficas y T茅cnicas. Oficina de Coordinaci贸n Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Ciencias de la Computaci贸n. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaci贸n en Ciencias de la Computaci贸n; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Computaci贸n; Argentin
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