Simulation analysis of minimum bending radius for lead frame copper alloys

Copper alloy has a lot of excellent properties, so it becomes an important alloy for lead frame materials for the integrated circuit. The minimum bending radius of three different copper alloys (Cu-Fe-P, Cu-Ni-Si, Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn) for lead frame materials was analyzed by using finite element. Tensile tests for the three kinds of materials were done to obtain yield stress, ultimate strength and other parameters. The strain-hardening exponent n and normal anisotropy index r of the materials were obtained according to the tensile tests. The minimum bending radius of corresponding materials was available with the simulation analysis, and consequently, the bending properties of the different materials were compared. The results show that the bending property of Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn alloy is the best, and Cu-Ni-Si alloy the worst

Simulation analysis of minimum bending radius for lead frame copper alloys

Copper alloy has a lot of excellent properties, so it becomes an important alloy for lead frame materials for the integrated circuit. The minimum bending radius of three different copper alloys (Cu-Fe-P, Cu-Ni-Si, Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn) for lead frame materials was analyzed by using finite element. Tensile tests for the three kinds of materials were done to obtain yield stress, ultimate strength and other parameters. The strain-hardening exponent n and normal anisotropy index r of the materials were obtained according to the tensile tests. The minimum bending radius of corresponding materials was available with the simulation analysis, and consequently, the bending properties of the different materials were compared. The results show that the bending property of Cu-Cr-Sn-Zn alloy is the best, and Cu-Ni-Si alloy the worst

Water Purification Capacity of the Constructed Wetland to Micro-Pollution Water Source —— a Case Study in Jiaxing

Constructed wetlands are commonly applied to improve and maintain water quality of micro-polluted water sources as a feasible and cost-effective technique. However, the purification capacity of the constructed wetland for micro-polluted water was lacking of understanding. This study collected the turbidity, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N), total nitrogen (TN), Fe, Mn, total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (CODMn), dissolved oxygen (DO), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) at the water inlet and outlet of Guanjinggang Wetland in Jiaxing City from 2019 to 2021. The comparisons among the pollution indicators showed that the wetland reduced the pollutions and slowed down the fluctuations of pollution indicators, except for Do, TN and COD. The removal rates are different due to the causes of pollution indicators. The partial regression analysis to different influencing factors showed the water temperature were the main influencing factor to the turbidity, NH3-N, Fe with the partial correlation of 0.447, -0.631, 0.510, respectively. Precipitation showed the highest influence on Mn with the partial correlation of 0.323. Flow showed highest influence on COD with the partial correlation of -0.339. Both flow and water temperature were the highest influence factors on No2-N, CODMn, Do and TN. However, water purification agent was not the main influence factor on any pollution indicators. The research results are conducive to improving the understanding of water security in the Yangtze River Delta region

VEGF-B prevents excessive angiogenesis by inhibiting FGF2/FGFR1 pathway

Abstract Although VEGF-B was discovered as a VEGF-A homolog a long time ago, the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B remains poorly understood with limited and diverse findings from different groups. Notwithstanding, drugs that inhibit VEGF-B together with other VEGF family members are being used to treat patients with various neovascular diseases. It is therefore critical to have a better understanding of the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B and the underlying mechanisms. Using comprehensive in vitro and in vivo methods and models, we reveal here for the first time an unexpected and surprising function of VEGF-B as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis by inhibiting the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway when the latter is abundantly expressed. Mechanistically, we unveil that VEGF-B binds to FGFR1, induces FGFR1/VEGFR1 complex formation, and suppresses FGF2-induced Erk activation, and inhibits FGF2-driven angiogenesis and tumor growth. Our work uncovers a previously unrecognized novel function of VEGF-B in tethering the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway. Given the anti-angiogenic nature of VEGF-B under conditions of high FGF2/FGFR1 levels, caution is warranted when modulating VEGF-B activity to treat neovascular diseases