Assessment of targeted selective treatment criteria to control subclinical gastrointestinal nematode infections on sheep farms

Control of sheep gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections mostly relies on the use of anthelmintics. Refugia-based control strategies as targeted selective treatments (TST) can delay anthelmintic resistance development, but the optimal decision criteria for selecting individuals to be treated in subclinical infection scenarios remain unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the suitability of body condition score (BCS) and faecal egg counts (FEC) as treatment indicators and to determine their optimized threshold values for treatment in TST by determining the relationships of BCS, FEC and anthelmintic treatment with several productive parameters in pre-mating and pre-partum periods at an individual level. Deworming in pre-mating period increased BCS gain, but its magnitude was directly associated with strongyle FEC before treatment. Deworming also increased fertility in ewes with BCS 400 epg before treatment. These results showed that FEC and especially BCS can be potential decision criteria for the implementation of TST in these types of scenarios. The TST scheme derived from the present results on the control of GIN infections should include anthelmintic treatment of ewes with BCS lower than ˜ 3 approximately five weeks before mating and lambing. In the pre-lambing period, treatment may be unnecessary if flock mean strongyle FEC is lower than ˜ 200 epg, as the proportion of ewes with individual FEC > 400 epg would be very low. The results suggest that implementation of this TST scheme would provide benefits, such as the improvement of productivity, a rational management of parasites in refugia, and preservation of future efficacy of anthelmintics, in comparison to traditional deworming schemes

Estudio plurianual del efecto del régimen hídrico sobre la composición nitrogenada de las variedades blancas Cigüente, Macabeo, Moscatel de Alejandría y Verdejo, cultivadas en diversas regiones de España

Este trabajo analiza el efecto del régimen hídrico y del año sobre el perfil aminoacídico y el amonio de diferentes variedades blancas, conducidas en espaldera, en diferentes zonas vitícolas españolas. Las variedades, la localización y los tratamientos aplicados fueron: Cigüente (Ci) en Badajoz, secano y riego al 100% de ETc; Macabeo (Ma) en Albacete, 25% y 33% aprox de ETc; Moscatel de Alejandría (Mo) en Valencia, 50% y 100% de ETc; y Verdejo (Ve) en Valladolid, secano y 100% aprox. de ETc. En vendimia se analizó la composición aminoacídica y el amonio de la uva mediante HPLC y se calcularon el CTA (Contenido Amínico Total, mgL-1), aminoácidos asimilables (AA, mgL-1) y el YAN (Nitrógeno Fácilmente Asimilable por las levaduras). En Ci, Ma y Ve se hallaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para la mayoría de los aminoácidos. Debido a la variabilidad climática interanual observada, en la mayoría de ellos se encontró interacción significativa tratamiento*año, especialmente en Ci y Ma. La variación interanual y el efecto del riego fueron de poca amplitud y significación en Mo, observándose descensos en los valores medios de los aminoácidos individuales y de CTA y YAN en la uva de los tratamientos más regados. En Ma la aplicación de mayor dosis de agua durante el preenvero provocó aumentos en la mayoría de los aminoácidos, de mayor amplitud en 2014. En Ci la tendencia, amplitud y significación del efecto tratamiento dependió incluso de la campaña analizada para un determinado aminoácido. El riego en Ve disminuyó la concentración de los aminoácidos presentes en las bayas. Aunque no se ha logrado establecer un grupo de aminoácidos común para todas las variedades que pudieran servir de indicadores del estado hídrico de la cepa, los resultados hallados en Ci y Ve sugieren la existencia de patrones comunes para determinados grupos de variedades cuando los estados hídricos son similares

Transfusion related acute lung injury-TRALI: a review

Acute pulmonary damage caused by transfusion is characterized by the sudden onset of respiratory distress in newly transfused patients within 6 hours after the transfusion, bilateral infiltrative changes in chest X-ray, PaO2/FIO2 <300 mmHg, absence of other risk factors for acute lung injury and absence of signs suggesting cardiogenic origin of pulmonary edema. Being one of the most serious complications of blood transfusion, plasma is the most involved factor, although all blood components can cause it, and is caused by antigen reactions/leukocyte antibody and lipid activity with ability to modify the biological response on primitive leukocytes. The diagnosis is based on the integration of clinical, radiological and gasometric elements, ruling out the rest of the possible causes of acute lung injury. Its differential diagnosis should include hemodynamic overload, anaphylactic reaction, bacterial contamination of transfused blood products and transfusion hemolytic reaction. The treatment is supportive measures based on the needs and does not differ from the treatment of acute lung injury secondary to other etiologies, severe cases require endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation while the non-severe can be managed with oxygen therapy

Neutrophil Function in Elderly Patients Hospitalized with Community- Acquired Pneumonia

Background: Advanced age is associated with immunosenescence as well as increased risk for poor outcomes during episodes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Data on neutrophil function in hospitalized elderly patients with CAP is lacking. In this study we compared neutrophil function in elderly and non-elderly hospitalized patients with CAP. Methods: Prospective study of healthy controls (HC) and patients hospitalized with CAP nonelderly (NE-CAP) and elderly (E-CAP). Blood samples were obtained on the day of hospitalization. The following neutrophil functional assays were performed: degranulation of secretory vesicles (CD35), degranulation of specific granules (CD66b), phagocytosis, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare differences in neutrophil function. Results: A total of 12 HC, 28 NE-CAP, and 12 E-CAP were evaluated. There were no significant differences between NE-CAP and E-CAP patients in regard to CD35 expression (p=0.465), CD66b expression (p=0.601), phagocytosis (p=0.654), or H2O2 production (p=0.541) Conclusions: We failed to demonstrate any significant difference in neutrophil function in nonelderly versus elderly patients hospitalized with CAP in relation to membrane expression of CD35 and CD66b, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst. Abnormal neutrophil function is unlikely to be an important component of the immunosenescence described in elderly patients with CAP

Neutrophil function in elderly patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.

Background: Advanced age is associated with immunosenescence as well as increased risk for poor outcomes during episodes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Data on neutrophil function in hospitalized elderly patients with CAP is lacking. In this study we compared neutrophil function in elderly and non-elderly hospitalized patients with CAP. Methods: Prospective study of healthy controls (HC) and patients hospitalized with CAP nonelderly (NE-CAP) and elderly (E-CAP). Blood samples were obtained on the day of hospitalization. The following neutrophil functional assays were performed: degranulation of secretory vesicles (CD35), degranulation of specific granules (CD66b), phagocytosis, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare differences in neutrophil function. Results: A total of 12 HC, 28 NE-CAP, and 12 E-CAP were evaluated. There were no significant differences between NE-CAP and E-CAP patients in regard to CD35 expression (p=0.465), CD66b expression (p=0.601), phagocytosis (p=0.654), or H2O2 production (p=0.541) Conclusions: We failed to demonstrate any significant difference in neutrophil function in nonelderly versus elderly patients hospitalized with CAP in relation to membrane expression of CD35 and CD66b, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst. Abnormal neutrophil function is unlikely to be an important component of the immunosenescence described in elderly patients with CAP

Chemical and biological analysis of 4-acyloxy-3-nitrocoumarins as trypanocidal agents

Chagas disease is the most widespread contagious tropical disease in Latin America, being an important public health problem. Treatments against this disease are still very ineffective, presenting several side effects. Therefore, the search for alternative therapeutic solutions is urgent. In the present work, we evaluate the trypanocidal activity and the mechanism of action of a select series of synthetic 4-acyloxy-3-nitrocoumarins. All the coumarin derivatives showed moderate trypanocidal activity in trypomastigotes, along with low cytotoxicity. In addition, compound 1 decreased the number of infected Vero cells in an intracellular T. cruzi model. Electron spin resonance and electrochemical studies showed the formation of nitro radical anions. The Fukui index provided additional information to elucidate the proposed reduction mechanism. Furthermore, in vitro radical formation studies demonstrated the potential of these compounds to achieve higher concentrations of intracellular free radicals, proposing oxidative stress as a possible trypanocidal mechanism. Furthermore, no correlation was observed between the diffusion of these compounds, which shows that lipophilicity is not a predominant factor for activity. Elsevier Ltd. All rights reservedThis project was partially supported by the University of Porto and University of Santiago de Compostela. MJM would like to thank Xunta de Galicia (Galician Plan of Research, Innovation and Growth 2011–2015, Plan I2C, ED481B 2014/086–0 and ED481B 2018/007) and Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (CEECIND/02423/2018 and UIDB/00081/2020). FS would like to thank FONDECYT 1190340 and REDES170126, COA would like to thank FONDECYT 1190340, JDM would like to thank FONDECYT 1170126 and ANID/PCI REDES 170126, and MMB would like to thank FONDECYT Postdoctoral 3190449S

CNVassoc: Association analysis of CNV data using R

Background: Copy number variants (CNV) are a potentially important component of the genetic contribution to risk of common complex diseases. Analysis of the association between CNVs and disease requires that uncertainty in CNV copy-number calls, which can be substantial, be taken into account; failure to consider this uncertainty can lead to biased results. Therefore, there is a need to develop and use appropriate statistical tools. To address this issue, we have developed CNVassoc, an R package for carrying out association analysis of common copy number variants in population-based studies. This package includes functions for testing for association with different classes of response variables (e.g. class status, censored data, counts) under a series of study designs (case-control, cohort, etc) and inheritance models, adjusting for covariates. The package includes functions for inferring copy number (CNV genotype calling), but can also accept copy number data generated by other algorithms (e.g. CANARY, CGHcall, IMPUTE). Results: Here we present a new R package, CNVassoc, that can deal with different types of CNV arising from different platforms such as MLPA o aCGH. Through a real data example we illustrate that our method is able to incorporate uncertainty in the association process. We also show how our package can also be useful when analyzing imputed data when analyzing imputed SNPs. Through a simulation study we show that CNVassoc outperforms CNVtools in terms of computing time as well as in convergence failure rate. Conclusions: We provide a package that outperforms the existing ones in terms of modelling flexibility, power, convergence rate, ease of covariate adjustment, and requirements for sample size and signal quality. Therefore, we offer CNVassoc as a method for routine use in CNV association studiesThis work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MTM2008-02457 to JRG, BIO2009-12458 to RD-U and statistical genetics network MTM2010-09526-E (subprograma MTM) to JRG, IS, GL and RD-U). GL is supported by the Juan de la Cierva Program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation

Amiloidosis Secundaria o Sistemática: Diagnóstico por la Biopsia Oral y por Patología Clínica en Relación con Pacientes Portadores de Enfermedades Crónicas en Especial TBC Crónica

The present investigation incluided: 100 samples, 20 control groups (Universidad Nacional Agraria students), and 80 patients infected with HIVIAIDS; 25 with level If, 35 with level III, and 20patients with level IV. Average proteinic fractions and salivary percentage were taken: Albumin 45.15%, SALIVARY ALBUMIN 15.2%, GAMMAGLOBULIN 75.94% (SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL 1.00%). Problem Sample.- In the problem sample we can see a considerable alteration in the serical electrophorelics proteins. Spit: level II, 22.12% albumin, gammaglobulin 77.64%, level III, albumin 16.35%, gammaglobulin 83.49%. IV 7.71% albumin and 92.37% gammaglobulim. There is a diferrential relationship between normal values of serical gammaglobulim and salivary ones, in HIV/AIDS infected patiens and there is an increase of bucal pathologies.Tiene caracteres investigatorios ver el depósito anormal de sustancial amiloide en la mucosa oral, mediante la biopsia inocua de las áreas lateral gingival y dérmica (psoriatica) en 20 casos patológicos de pacientes enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, de larga evolución. Así como la aplicación de una adecuada historia clínica implementada en todos los pacientes en los diferentes hospitales y centros asistenciales donde practicando las incisiones operatorias, donde comunicamos y solicitamos el adecuado permiso para nuestra investigación clínica anátomo patológica, con la asepsia adecuada; la aplicación de anestésicos de cirugía menor anticoagulantes y la fijación posterior del espécimen quirúrgico en formalina neutra al 10% para su inclusión de parafina, cortes de pocas micras y las coloraciones de hematoxilina-Eosina y la especifica de Rojo de Congo para buscar en ellos la presencia de amiloide secundaria a proceso inflamatorio especifico y no especifico.Se determinó en la Historia clínica de cada uno de los pacientes todos los datos nosográficos de edad, raza, talla, tiempo de evolución de ella como la T.B.C. terciaria, reumatismo, abscesos, alteraciones de la gingiva y del peridontio para correlacionar el tiempo del depósito y el probable factor etiopatogénico inmunológico de dicha enfermedad y con ello sugerir alguna medida terapéutica clínica aplicar a dichos pacientes, con proyección a la comunidad de pueblos jóvenes donde imperan estos tipos de enfermedades como la TBC y nefritis que pueden provocar un incremento de la morbilidad y mortalidad, como insuficiencias renales o respiratorias y hacer factor de prevención y promoción clínica de estos males clínicos que estamos llanos a curarlos con mucho tiempo de anticipación o prevención terapéutica con tuberculostativos gratuitos y antibióticos de alta degeneraci6n y con ello evitar la hemodiálisis y la intubación traqueal o toráxica en graves problemas de Anoxia e Hipoxia, de alto costo y son tratamientos finales paliativos

Impact of the “Law on promotion of personal autonomy and care for people dependent” in population with severe mental disorder

Law 39/2006, known as Dependence Law, has generated skepticism since its approval, for being focused on dependancy and barely promoting personal autonomy, treating it as a secondary issue. As it relates to people with severe mental disorder, a major concern to mental health professional organizations and family associations has been the compatibility of the law with the services provided by the National health service and whether the established selection criteria for qualifying for the service fits the needs of this group. This article reflects the work done across several Spanish autonomous regions by different professionals in an attempt to convince the administration to make the necessary adjustment to suit the characteristics of people with serious mental disorders. After discussing its strengths and weaknesses, it outlines three different ways to offset their risks in three different regions, Extremadura, Andalucia and Madrid. Finally it addresses the key aspects of the law which need to be worked on, in order to become a benefit for people with severe mental disorder, and not a barrierLa Ley 39/2006, conocida como Ley de Dependencia, ha generado, desde su aprobación, desconfianza por estar enfocada a la atención a la dependencia, siendo la promoción de la autonomía personal un elemento apenas desarrollado y secundario. En el caso de las personas con trastorno mental grave, lo que mayor preocupación ha causado a las organizaciones de profesionales de la salud mental y a las asociaciones de familiares ha sido la compatibilidad de dicha Ley con las prestaciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud y si el baremo establecido se ajustaba a las necesidades de este colectivo. Este artículo recoge el trabajo realizado desde diferentes comunidades autónomas por diferentes profesionales en un intento de, tras un análisis de la Ley, plantear a la administración responsable de la misma el necesario ajuste para adaptarla a las características de las personas con trastorno mental grave. Se analizan, en primer lugar, sus fortalezas y debilidades. Posteriormente se exponen tres formas diferentes de contrarrestar sus riesgos, en tres comunidades autónomas diferentes, Extremadura, Andalucía y Madrid. Finalmente se dan las claves de los aspectos de la Ley sobre los que hay que seguir trabajando para que sea una oportunidad para las personas con trastorno mental grave, y no una barrer