Heterogeneously Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals-Stabilized Pickering Emulsion: Preparation and Their Template Application for the Creation of PS Microspheres with Amino-Rich Surfaces

A kind of manipulative oil in water Pickering emulsion stabilized by heterogeneously modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and its application as a template for the creation of functional polystyrene microspheres were presented in this study. First, 18-carbon alkyl long chains were selectively introduced at the reducing ends of CNCs through a two-step chemical process including the hydrazone reaction and the amidation reaction. The as-obtained heterogeneously modified CNCs (CNC–C₁₈) were then used as emulsifiers for the formation of oil in water Pickering emulsions. Compared with the pristine CNCs used in this study, CNC–C₁₈ exhibited a high emulsifying performance. Highly stable oil in water Pickering emulsions could be formed at a low content of CNC–C₁₈ nanoparticles. Because of the pH-responsive stability of the CN bond linkages between 18-carbon alkyl chains and CNCs, the introduced 18-carbon alkyl chains could be cleaved completely at a suitable acid condition, and this endowed the formed Pickering emulsions with a pH-triggered de-emulsification character. Upon the replacement of <i>n</i>-hexane with a styrene/divinyl benezene mixed oil, cross-linked PS microspheres with amino-rich surfaces were created by the Pickering emulsion directed-radical copolymerization reaction, followed by acid treatment. The current work revealed CNCs could be used as a promising green and widely available resource for the fabrication of stimuli-responsive particle emulsifiers

Relative molecular mass differential distribution curves of PMMA.

Relative molecular mass differential distribution curves of PMMA.</p

Shore hardness value of 60Co γ-irradiated PMMA impregnated with two media.

Shore hardness value of 60Co γ-irradiated PMMA impregnated with two media.</p

Evolution of transmittance with various 60Co γ irradiation doses for PMMA.

Evolution of transmittance with various 60Co γ irradiation doses for PMMA.</p

Additional file 2 of Extraction and analysis of high-quality chloroplast DNA with reduced nuclear DNA for medicinal plants

Supplementary Material

Additional file 1 of Extraction and analysis of high-quality chloroplast DNA with reduced nuclear DNA for medicinal plants

Supplementary Material

Mechanisms of the Water–Gas Shift Reaction Catalyzed by Ruthenium Carbonyl Complexes

Density functional theory (DFT) is employed to study the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction in the gas phase for two complexes, Ru₃(CO)₁₂ and Ru­(CO)₅. Here we report four mechanisms of ruthenium carbonyl complexes catalyzed for WGS reaction. The energetic span model is applied to evaluate efficiency of the four catalytic pathways. Our results indicate that mechanism C and D show a good catalytic behavior, which is in agreement with results from the literature. The mechanism C and D not only include the important intermediate Ru₃(CO)₁₁H^– but also exclude the energy-demanding OH^– desorption and revise an unfavorable factor of the previous mechanism. Two complexes along mechanisms B have the highest turnover frequency (TOF) values. The trinuclear carbonyl complexes-Ru₃(CO)₁₂ is preferred over mononuclear carbonyl Ru­(CO)₅ by comparing TOF due to the fact that metal–metal cooperativity can enhance activity to the WGS reaction. In this work, the nature of interaction between transition states and intermediates is also analyzed by the detailed electronic densities of states, and we further clarify high catalytic activity of ruthenium carbonyl complexes as well. Our conclusions provide a guide to design catalysts for the WGS reaction

Additional file 3 of Extraction and analysis of high-quality chloroplast DNA with reduced nuclear DNA for medicinal plants

Supplementary Material

Table_1_High-Density Mapping of an Adult-Plant Stripe Rust Resistance Gene YrBai in Wheat Landrace Baidatou Using the Whole Genome DArTseq and SNP Analysis.xlsx

<p>Stripe rust, caused by the biotrophic fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most widespread and destructive wheat diseases worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is an effective approach for controlling this disease. However, because host resistance genes were easily overcome by new virulent Pst races, there is a continuous demand for identifying new effective wheat stripe rust resistance genes and develop closely linked markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Baidatou, an old Chinese wheat landrace, has been grown for several decades in Longnan region, Gansu Province, where stripe rust epidemics are frequent and severe. In our previous study, a single dominant gene YrBai in Baidatou was identified to control the adult-plant resistance (APR) to Chinese prevalent Pst race CYR33. And the gene was located on wheat chromosome 6DS by four polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) and two sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, with the genetic distances of two closely linked markers 3.6 and 5.4 cM, respectively. To further confirm the APR gene in Baidatou and construct the high-density map for the resistance gene, adult plants of F₁, F₂, F₃, and F_5:6 populations derived from the cross Mingxian169/Baidatou and two parents were inoculated with CYR33 at Yangling field, Shaanxi Province during 2014–2015, 2015–2016, and 2016–2017 crop seasons, respectively. The field evaluation results indicated that a single dominant gene confers the APR to Pst race CYR33 in Baidatou. 92 F₃ lines and parents were sequenced using DArTseq technology based on wheat GBS1.0 platform, and 31 genetic maps consisted of 2,131 polymorphic SilicoDArT and 952 SNP markers spanning 4,293.94 cM were constructed. Using polymorphic SilicoDArT, SNP markers and infection types (ITs) data of F₃ lines, the gene YrBai was further located in 0.8 cM region on wheat chromosome 6D. These closely linked markers developed in this study should be useful for MAS for Baidatou in crop improvement and map-based clone this gene.</p

Table_2_High-Density Mapping of an Adult-Plant Stripe Rust Resistance Gene YrBai in Wheat Landrace Baidatou Using the Whole Genome DArTseq and SNP Analysis.xlsx

<p>Stripe rust, caused by the biotrophic fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most widespread and destructive wheat diseases worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is an effective approach for controlling this disease. However, because host resistance genes were easily overcome by new virulent Pst races, there is a continuous demand for identifying new effective wheat stripe rust resistance genes and develop closely linked markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Baidatou, an old Chinese wheat landrace, has been grown for several decades in Longnan region, Gansu Province, where stripe rust epidemics are frequent and severe. In our previous study, a single dominant gene YrBai in Baidatou was identified to control the adult-plant resistance (APR) to Chinese prevalent Pst race CYR33. And the gene was located on wheat chromosome 6DS by four polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) and two sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, with the genetic distances of two closely linked markers 3.6 and 5.4 cM, respectively. To further confirm the APR gene in Baidatou and construct the high-density map for the resistance gene, adult plants of F₁, F₂, F₃, and F_5:6 populations derived from the cross Mingxian169/Baidatou and two parents were inoculated with CYR33 at Yangling field, Shaanxi Province during 2014–2015, 2015–2016, and 2016–2017 crop seasons, respectively. The field evaluation results indicated that a single dominant gene confers the APR to Pst race CYR33 in Baidatou. 92 F₃ lines and parents were sequenced using DArTseq technology based on wheat GBS1.0 platform, and 31 genetic maps consisted of 2,131 polymorphic SilicoDArT and 952 SNP markers spanning 4,293.94 cM were constructed. Using polymorphic SilicoDArT, SNP markers and infection types (ITs) data of F₃ lines, the gene YrBai was further located in 0.8 cM region on wheat chromosome 6D. These closely linked markers developed in this study should be useful for MAS for Baidatou in crop improvement and map-based clone this gene.</p