Leveling the Viewing Field: The Impact of Target Prevalence on Searcher\u27s Functional Viewing Field

It is well known that target prevalence impacts various cognitive processes. In visual search, rare search targets are more difficult to detect than common targets. The present research investigated novel questions about target prevalence, focusing on observers’ functional viewing field (FVF) during passive search tasks. The FVF is the area in a display where attention is focused and item processing is enhanced. According the FVF framework (Hulleman & Olivers, 2017), the size of the FVF is modulated by the ease of target detections, such that visual search involving difficult target detection reduces the FVF. Although this would suggest that low target prevalence searches should be conducted with a “narrow” FVF, recent evidence from eye-movement analyses (Papesh & Guevara Pinto, 2019) seems to indicate the opposite: Relative to high-prevalence conditions, low-prevalence search yields a wider FVF. It is possible that this effect is due to expectations of target frequency learned during high target prevalence conditions. Three experiments were conducted to test hypotheses regarding the interaction of target prevalence and target expectations in modulating the FVF. Using a dual-task paradigm, where observers passively searched for targets at center of the display while simultaneously processing probes in their periphery, Experiment 1 examined the effects of target prevalence on the FVF size. Experiment 2 manipulated observers’ trial-by-trial expectations about target presence, revealing the consequences of expectations for the FVF in isolation from effects of target prevalence. Lastly, Experiment 3 directly contrasted prevalence and expectations within the same experimental design. The results showed that the size of FVF is modulated by direct experiences (i.e., target prevalence) and externally generated expectations (i.e., trial-by-trial cues), but the interaction between the two remains unclear. The implications of these findings expand our theoretical understanding of how target prevalence influence search behaviors, particularly those that extend beyond search miss rates

Effects of Perceptual Fluency on Reasoning and Pupil Dilation

Research on perceptual disfluency has examined the effects of perceptually demanding stimuli on information processing and reasoning, suggesting that disfluent stimuli elicit slower and more effortful processing. Recent criticism of perceptual disfluency, however, suggests that the effects disfluent stimuli have on processing are marginal, and that they are mediated by individual differences. Participants completed a computerized reasoning task presented in either a fluent (i.e., easy-to-read font) or disfluent format (i.e., hard-to-read font) while pupil diameter was measured by an eye-tracker system. Pupillometry is an established reliable measure of mental activity that reflects differences in cognitive load. Results showed no performance differences between the two groups, as well as no difference in pupil dilation between the groups. Similar to the recent critiques of perceptual disfluency, these results call into question if perceptual disfluency is a valid prime of attentive and deeper processing as has been theorized

Constructing the Search Template: Episodic and Semantic Influences on Categorical Template Formation

Search efficiency is usually improved by presenting observers with highly detailed target cues (e.g., pictures). However, in the absence of accurate target cues, observers must rely only on categorical information to find targets. Models of visual search suggest that guidance in a categorical search results from matching categorically-diagnostic target features in the search display to a top-down attentional set (i.e., the search template), but the mechanisms by which such attentional set is constructed have not been specified. The present investigation examined the influences of both semantic and episodic memory on search template formation. More precisely, the present study tested whether observers incorporated a recent experience with a target-category exemplar into their search template, instead of relying on long-term learned regularities about object categories (Experiment 1) or on the semantic context of the search display (Experiment 2). In both experiments participants completed a categorical search task (75% of trials) in conjunction with a dot-probe response task (25% of trials). The dot-probe response task assessed the contents of the search template by capturing spatial attention if the dot-probe was presented at an inconsistent location relative to objects matching the search template. In Experiment 1 it was shown that observers include recently encoded objects into their search templates, when given the opportunity to do so. Experiment 2, however, showed that observers rely on context semantics to construct categorical search templates, and they continue to do so in the presence of repeated target cues related to different contexts. These results suggest that observers can, and will, rely on episodic representations to construct categorical search templates when such representations are available, but only if no external cues (i.e., scene semantics) are present to identify criterial target feature

REALIDAD AUMENTADA: IMPACTO Y TENDENCIAS EN LA FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL DE SOLDADURA MULTIPROCESOS.

El avance de las nuevas tecnologías en la actualidad ha traído el desarrollo de la realidad aumentada, entendida como una técnica para visualizar en un entorno simulado construcciones del medio físico y generar experiencias interactivas a través de dispositivos que manejan información gráfica. Uno de los campos de implementación que vale la pena resaltar, está relacionado con la educación; en donde se pretende generar habilidades y destrezas en diversas actividades de alto impacto en el hacer laboral que conllevan gran riesgo en la formación de capital humano, situación que se presenta en la soldadura convencional. Los problemas existentes en la actualidad están relacionados con los riesgos del personal, los costos elevados de inversión, impacto económico dado por el consumo de materiales en prácticas de entrenamiento, impacto generado por la cantidad alta de material desecho y los gases perjudiciales, tanto para el ambiente, como para las personas. Por lo tanto, el presente documento pretende realizar un an´alisis del efecto económico, ambiental, social y las tendencias de la realidad aumentada asociada a la soldadura multiprocesos. A través de una revisión de los avances tecnológicos a nivel mundial, en revistas indexadas, bases de datos, páginas web de empresas que se dedican a la fabricación de equipos e implementación de estas tecnologías, se identifican las tecnologías, los beneficios, el impacto favorable de la implementación y las tendencias en el uso de la soldadura multiprocesos y de la realidad aumentada

Smoking history and breast cancer risk by pathological subtype: MCC-Spain study

INTRODUCTION The role of cigarette smoking on breast cancer risk remains controversial, due to its dual carcinogenic-antiestrogenic action.METHODS In the population-based multi-case-control study (MCC-Spain), we collected epidemiological and clinical information for 1733 breast cancer cases and 1903 controls, including smoking exposure. The association with breast cancer, overall, by pathological subtype and menopausal status, was assessed using logistic and multinomial regression models.RESULTS Smokers had higher risk of premenopausal breast cancer, particularly if they had smoked >= 30 years (AOR=1.75; 95% CI: 1.04-2.94), although most estimates did not achieve statistical significance. In contrast, among postmenopausal women, smoking was associated with lower risk of breast cancer, mainly in overweight and obese women. The strongest risk reductions were observed among postmenopausal women who had stopped smoking >= 10 years before cancer diagnosis, particularly for HER2+ tumors (AOR=0.28; 95% CI: 0.11-0.68); p for heterogeneity = 0.040). Also, those who had smoked <10 pack-years (AOR=0.68; 95% CI: 0.47-0.98) or 10-25 pack-years (AOR=0.62; 95% CI: 0.42-0.92) during their lifetime were at a reduced risk of all breast cancer subtypes (p for heterogeneity: 0.405 and 0.475, respectively); however, women who had smoked more than 25 pack-years showed no reduced risk.CONCLUSIONS Menopausal status plays a key role in the relationship between tobacco and breast cancer for all cancer subtypes. While smoking seems to increase the risk in premenopausal woman, it might be associated to lower risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women with excess weight

Social mobility and healthy behaviours from a gender perspective in the Spanish multicase-control study (MCC-Spain)

There is evidence for the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on healthy behaviours but the effect of social mobility (SM) is not yet well known. This study aims to analyse the influence of origin and destination SES (O-SES and D-SES) and SM on healthy behaviours and co-occurrence, from an integrated gender and age perspective. Data were obtained from the controls of MCC-Spain between 2008-2013 (3,606 participants). Healthy behaviours considered: healthy diet, moderate alcohol consumption, non-smoking and physical activity. SM was categorized as stable high, upward, stable medium, downward or stable low. Binary and multinomial logistic regression models were adjusted. Those aged <65, with a low O-SES, D-SES and stable low SM are less likely to have healthy behaviours in the case of both women (physically active: OR = 0.65 CI = 0.45-0.94, OR = 0.71 CI = 0.52-0.98, OR = 0.61 CI = 0.41-0.91) and men (non-smokers: OR = 0.44 CI = 0.26-0.76, OR = 0.54 CI = 0.35-0.83, OR = 0.41 CI 0.24-0.72; physically active: OR = 0.57 CI = 0.35-0.92, OR = 0.64 CI = 0.44-0.95, OR = 0.53 CI = 0.23-0.87). However, for those aged ≥65, this probability is higher in women with a low O-SES and D-SES (non-smoker: OR = 8.09 CI = 4.18-15.67, OR = 4.14 CI = 2.28-7.52; moderate alcohol consumption: OR = 3.00 CI = 1.45-6.24, OR = 2.83 CI = 1.49-5.37) and in men with a stable low SM (physically active: OR = 1.52 CI = 1.02-1.26). In the case of men, the same behaviour pattern is observed in those with a low O-SES as those with upward mobility, with a higher probability of co-occurring behaviours (three-to-four behaviours: OR = 2.00 CI = 1.22-3.29; OR = 3.13 CI = 1.31-7.48). The relationship of O-SES, D-SES and SM with healthy behaviours is complex and differs according to age and gender.This research was supported by the “Acción Transversal del Cancer”, approved by the Spanish Council of Ministers on 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-FEDER [grant number:PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PS09/00773-Cantabria, PS09/01286-León, PS09/01903-Valencia, PS09/02078-Huelva, PS09/ 01662-Granada, PI11/01403, PI11/01889-FEDER, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/0613, PI15/00069, PI15/00914, PI15/01032, PI11/01810, PI14/01219, PI11/02213, PIE16/00049, PI17/01179, PI17-00092], by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla [grant number: API 10/09], by the ICGC International Cancer Genome Consortium CLL (The ICGC CLL-Genome Project is funded by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII)), by the Red Temática de Investigación del Cáncer (RTICC) del ISCIII [grant number: RD12/0036/0036], by the Junta de Castilla y León [grant number: LE22A10-2], by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía [grant number: PI-0571-2009, PI-0306-2011, salud201200057018tra], by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana [grant number: AP_061/10], by the Recercaixa [grant number: 2010ACUP00310], by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, by the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia, by the European Commission [grant number: FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE], by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation [grant number: GCTRA18022MORE], by the Catalan Government-Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) [grant number: 2014SGR647, 2014SGR850 and 2017SGR723], by the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias and by the University of Oviedo. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.S

Toenail zinc as a biomarker: Relationship with sources of environmental exposure and with genetic variability in MCC-Spain study

Background: Toenails are commonly used as biomarkers of exposure to zinc (Zn), but there is scarce information about their relationship with sources of exposure to Zn. Objectives: To investigate the main determinants of toenail Zn, including selected sources of environmental exposure to Zn and individual genetic variability in Zn metabolism. Methods: We determined toenail Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 3,448 general popu-lation controls from the MultiCase-Control study MCC-Spain. We assessed dietary and supplement Zn intake using food frequency questionnaires, residential proximity to Zn-emitting industries and residential topsoil Zn levels through interpolation methods. We constructed a polygenic score of genetic variability based on 81 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in Zn metabolism. Geometric mean ratios of toenail Zn across categories of each determinant were estimated from multivariate linear regression models on log-transformed toenail Zn. Results: Geometric mean toenail Zn was 104.1 mu g/g in men and 100.3 mu g/g in women. Geometric mean toenail Zn levels were 7 % lower (95 % confidence interval 1-13 %) in men older than 69 years and those in the upper tertile of fibre intake, and 9 % higher (3-16 %) in smoking men. Women residing within 3 km from Zn-emitting industries had 4 % higher geometric mean toenail Zn levels (0-9 %). Dietary Zn intake and polygenic score were unrelated to toenail Zn. Overall, the available determinants only explained 9.3 % of toenail Zn variability in men and 4.8 % in women. Discussion: Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, diet, and environmental exposure explained little of the indi-vidual variability of toenail Zn in the study population. The available genetic variants related to Zn metabolism were not associated with toenail Zn

Consumption of aspartame and other artificial sweeteners and risk of cancer in the Spanish multicase‐control study (MCC‐Spain)

Use of artificial sweeteners (AS) such as aspartame, cyclamate, saccharin and sucralose is widespread. We evaluated the association of use of aspartame and other AS with cancer. In total 1881 colorectal, 1510 breast, 972 prostate and 351 stomach cancer and 109 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cases and 3629 population controls from the Spanish Multicase-Control (MCC-Spain) study were recruited (2008-2013). The consumption of AS, from table-top sweeteners and artificially sweetened beverages, was assessed through a self-administered and validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Sex-specific quartiles among controls were determined to compare moderate consumers ( third quartile) vs non consumers (reference category), distinguishing aspartame-containing products and other AS. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted OR and 95%CI, and results were stratified by diabetes status. Overall, we found no associations between the consumption of aspartame or other AS and cancer. Among participants with diabetes, high consumption of other AS was associated with colorectal cancer (OR=1.58, 95% CI 1.05-2.41, P trend=.03) and stomach cancer (OR=2.27 [0.99-5.44], P trend=.06). High consumption of aspartame, was associated with stomach cancer (OR=2.04 [0.7-5.4], P trend=.05), while a lower risk was observed for breast cancer (OR=0.28 [0.08-0.83], P trend=.03). In some cancers, the number of cases in participants with diabetes were small and results should be interpreted cautiously. We did not find associations between use of AS and cancer, but found associations between high consumption of aspartame and other AS and different cancer types among participants with diabetes

Investigación aplicada y desarrollo tecnológico

Este libro consolida los resultados de proyectos de investigación aplicada y desarrollo tecnológico realizados en el Centro de Comercio, Industria y Turismo - Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (Sena) - Regional Córdoba. Proyectos financiados por el Sistema de Investigación, Desarrollo Tecnológico e Innovación del SENA- SENNOVA y liderado por los Grupos de Investigación del Centro: Grupo de Investigación Comercio, Industria y Turismo-GICIT y Grupo de Investigación Ciencias Ambientales Aplicadas-GICAP.This book consolidates the results of applied research and technological development projects carried out at the Center for Commerce, Industry and Tourism - National Learning Service (Sena) - Córdoba Regional. Projects financed by the SENA-SENNOVA Research, Technological Development and Innovation System and led by the Center's Research Groups: Trade, Industry and Tourism Research Group-GICIT and Applied Environmental Sciences Research Group-GICAP.Aprovechamiento de los residuos orgánicos generados en el Centro de Comercio, industria y turismo CCIT del SENA regional Córdoba, para la elaboración de compost -- Formulación e implementación de un plan de manejo integral de residuos sólidos en el Centro de Comercio Industria y Turismo - CCIT del SENA Regional Córdoba -- Análisis comparativo de indicadores de la calidad del agua del río Sinú municipio de montería, Córdoba -- Evaluación de los niveles de ruido ambiental en la zona de influencia de las instalaciones del Centro de Comercio, Industria y Turismo “CCIT” del SENA regional Córdoba -- Diseño de una estrategia para la implementación de la historia clínica única electronica en hospitales de primer nivel del departamento de Córdoba, para la eficiencia en el manejo de la información -- Panorama de la estructura organizacional logística, de las empresas comercializadoras de productos de la ciudad de Montería -- Utilización de la harina de frijol Caupi (Vigna unguiculata) para mejorar la calidad nutricional de las masas para alimentos congelados -- Caracterización del agua residual de la laguna de oxidación del municipio de lorica y su incidencia sobre la calidad ambiental de la ciénaga Juan Lara a partir de su evaluación fisioquímica y microbiológica -- Diseño e implementación de una App “Manager C” para la medición de archivos y el calculo administrativo y logístico de proyectos archivísticos -- Plataforma de comunicación TIC/TAC soportado en tecnología IPTV como un medio para la divulgación de procesos de aprendizaje e investigación del Centro de Industria y Turismo Regional Córdoba a través de contenidos multimedia.na104 página