Theory-of-Mind Development as an Antecedent and a Consequence of Social-Behavioral Development in Children.

Social and cognitive competencies develop hand-in-hand during the early years of life. Despite the interdependence of the two areas of development, few studies attempt to capture the bidirectional and interactive nature of the relations between the two. This dissertation provides evidence from three longitudinal studies supporting the close, yet intricate, associations between children’s behavioral and relational characteristics, and Theory-of-Mind (ToM) development. The goal of the first study was to test a developmental cascade model of firstborn children’s aggression, ToM development, and antagonistic sibling interaction during the transition to siblinghood. Findings revealed that firstborn children’s aggression before the birth predicted higher sibling antagonism and poorer ToM understanding at 4 months post-partum. ToM, in turn, predicted lower sibling antagonism at 12 months, supporting the cascade effects across multiple domains of development over time. The aim of the second study was to further understand the associations among early sibling interactions and parenting styles, and ToM development. Results showed that firstborns children’s ToM before the birth of a sibling predicted more positive sibling engagement at 4 months after the birth. Parents’ directive parenting moderated the negative link between sibling antagonism and ToM, emphasizing the importance of parental guidance for children’s interaction with a baby sibling for their social cognitive growth. The objective of the third study was to examine the interactive associations between callous-unemotional (CU) behavior, ToM, and anxious temperament at age 3 in predicting externalizing problems across childhood. A significant interaction between CU behavior and ToM was found, where CU behavior at age 3 predicted externalizing problems at school at age 6 and 10 only when combined with low levels of ToM. This result suggests that advanced ToM understanding may play a protective role for children with high levels of CU behavior, who have a greater risk for persistent and severe externalizing problems across childhood. To summarize, this dissertation shows multiple ways in which social-cognitive development and behavioral development interact in children’s social lives. Findings from the three studies suggest that starting from early childhood, individual differences in children’s ToM understanding can be a predictor, an outcome, and a moderator of social-behavioral development.PhDPsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113594/1/jjhsong_1.pd

Children’s Early Awareness of Comprehension as Evident in Their Spontaneous Corrections of Speech Errors

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147836/1/cdev12862_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147836/2/cdev12862.pd

Experiences of Sanhujori Facility Use among the First Time Mothers by the Focus Group Interview

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the experiences of Sanhujori facility use among the first time mothers in Korea. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted, using focus group interview. Data were collected from the 24 first time mothers of 4 focus groups, who had given birth within 6 month and had used one of the Sanhujori facilities located in C province, Korea. After obtaining written informed consent from all participants, each session of the focus group was audio-taped and transcribed into verbatim. Data were analyzed using content analysis in order to identify significant themes. RESULTS: Four major themes that emerged from the data were as follows. 1) Promoting postpartum physical recovery through a enough time with only focusing on herself, 2) Promoting postpartum psychological recovery through emotional and informational support with peer mothers, 3) Experiencing breast feeding difficulties and disappointing with unsatisfied help from health professionals, and 4) Lack of the professional education programs regarding parenting. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it will be suggested that the various support programs by not only the peer mothers co-resided in Sanhujori facilities but also the health care professionals in the Sanhujori facilities should be developed for helping a "becoming a mother" of the first time mother in the Sanhujori facilities. In addition, qualified education and counseling program, especially for the successful breast feeding, should be provided by the health care professionals for improving mothering ability of the first time mother in the Sanhujori facilities

Aggression, Sibling Antagonism, and Theory of Mind During the First Year of Siblinghood: A Developmental Cascade Model

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133634/1/cdev12530_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133634/2/cdev12530.pd

Child cortisol moderates the association between family routines and emotion regulation in lowâ income children

Biological and social influences both shape emotion regulation. In 380 lowâ income children, we tested whether biological stress profile (cortisol) moderated the association among positive and negative home environment factors (routines; chaos) and emotion regulation (negative lability; positive regulation). Children (M ageâ =â 50.6, SDâ =â 6.4 months) provided saliva samples to assess diurnal cortisol parameters across 3 days. Parents reported on home environment and child emotion regulation. Structural equation modeling was used to test whether cortisol parameters moderated associations between home environment and child emotion regulation. Results showed that home chaos was negatively associated with emotion regulation outcomes; cortisol did not moderate the association. Child cortisol level moderated the routinesâ emotion regulation association such that lack of routine was most strongly associated with poor emotion regulation among children with lower cortisol output. Findings suggest that underlying child stress biology may shape response to environmental influences.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135499/1/dev21471_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135499/2/dev21471.pd

Effect of rapid influenza diagnostic tests on patient management in an emergency department

Objective We evaluated the effect of rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) on patient management in an emergency department for 3 years after 2009, and also identified factors associated with the choice of treatment for patients with influenza-like illnesses. Methods The study period consisted of three influenza epidemic seasons. Patients older than 15 years who underwent RIDTs in the emergency department and were then discharged without admission were included. Results A total of 453 patients were enrolled, 114 of whom had positive RIDT results and 339 had negative results. Antiviral medication was prescribed to 103 patients (90.4%) who had positive RIDT results, while 1 patient (0.3%) who tested negative was treated with antivirals (P<0.001). Conservative care was administered to 11 RIDT-positive patients (9.6%) and 244 RIDT-negative patients (72.0%) (P<0.001). Symptom onset in less than 48 hours, being older than 65 years, and the presence of comorbidities were not associated with the administration of antiviral therapy. Conclusion RIDT results had a critical effect on physician decision-making regarding antiviral treatment for patients with influenza-like illnesses in the emergency department. However, symptom onset in less than 48 hours, old age, and comorbidities, which are all indications for antiviral therapy, were not found to influence the administration of antiviral treatment

The validity of the canadian triage and acuity scale in predicting resource utilization and the need for immediate life-saving interventions in elderly emergency department patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We evaluated the validity of the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) in elderly emergency department (ED) patients. In particular, we examined the sensitivity and specificity of the CTAS for identifying elderly patients who received an immediate life-saving intervention in the ED.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We reviewed the medical records of consecutive patients who were 65 years of age or older and presented to a single academic ED within a three-month period. The CTAS triage scores were compared to actual patient course, including disposition, discharge outcome and resource utilization. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of the CTAS triage for identifying patients who received an immediate intervention.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 1903 consecutive patients who were ≥ 65 years of age, 113 (5.9%) had a CTAS level of 1, 174 (9.1%) had a CTAS level of 2, 1154 (60.6%) had a CTAS level of 3, 347 (18.2%) had a CTAS level of 4, and 115 (6.0%) had a CTAS level of 5. As a patient's triage score increased, the severity (such as mortality and intensive care unit admission) and resource utilization increased significantly. Ninety-four of the patients received a life-saving intervention within an hour following their arrival to the ED. The CTAS scores for these patients were 1, 2 and 3 for 46, 46 and 2 patients, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of a CTAS score of ≤ 2 for identifying patients for receiving an immediate intervention were 97.9% and 89.2%, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The CTAS is a triage tool with high validity for elderly patients, and it is an especially useful tool for categorizing severity and for recognizing elderly patients who require immediate life-saving intervention.</p

Photo-patternable and transparent films using cellulose nanofibers for stretchable origami electronics

Substantial progress in flexible or stretchable electronics over the past decade has extensively impacted various technologies such as wearable devices, displays and automotive electronics for smart cars. An important challenge is the reliability of these deformable devices under thermal stress. Different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) between plastic substrates and the device components, which include multiple inorganic layers of metals or ceramics, induce thermal stress in the devices during fabrication processes or long-term operations with repetitions of thermal cyclic loading-unloading, leading to device failure and reliability degradation. Here, we report an unconventional approach to form photo-patternable, transparent cellulose nanofiber (CNF) hybrid films as flexible and stretchable substrates to improve device reliability using simultaneous electrospinning and spraying. The electrospun polymeric backbones and sprayed CNF fillers enable the resulting hybrid structure to be photolithographically patternable as a negative photoresist and thermally and mechanically stable, presenting outstanding optical transparency and low CTE. We also formed stretchable origami substrates using the CNF hybrid that are composed of rigid support fixtures and elastomeric joints, exploiting the photo-patternability. A demonstration of transparent organic light-emitting diodes and touchscreen panels on the hybrid film suggests its potential for use in next-generation electronics.ope