Pulling nanotubes from supported bilayers

The force required to form a nanoscale tube from a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) by pulling was measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The equilibrium membrane shape during an AFM pulling experiment was calculated and used to derive a general force distance relationship for pulling a tube from an SLB. We compare these theoretical results with our experimental data and determine the tube radius, the force required to elongate the tube, and, consequently, the surface tension. For a dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) SLB, the tension was found to be close to membrane rupture during the pulling experiment