Increasing “Object-Substitution” Symbolic Play in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may not develop symbolic play skills so such skills need to be taught specifically. We report an experiment regarding a procedure targeting “object-substitution” symbolic play skills. The “object-substitution” symbolic play behavior occurred when the child labeled a common object with the name of a substitute and used the object to perform a play action (e.g., As she put a bowl on her head, she called it a hat). A multiple probe across behaviors design was employed with five children (four boys and one girl, aged 3 to 6) with ASD. All children had verbal communication and demonstrated functional play and generalized imitation, but no symbolic play skills prior to the study. The instruction consisted of intraverbal training, picture prompts, and modeling of play actions. All children demonstrated object-substitution symbolic play skills after the instruction. The occurrences of response generalization were also discussed

Financial Development and International Trade inside Asia

This study attempts to document the impact of "Financial development" on international trade between selected Asian economies and rest of the Asian region. Financial development index is used to represent financial development level which includes four dimensions from two perspectives; institutional and market. An "overall financial development index" is calculated by combining institutional and market level financial development indices. Effect of market and institutional dimension is measured separately on international trade of Asian economies with rest of the Asia. Different macro-variables are controlled including GDP per capita, total population, Inward FDI flow, Outward FDI flow and real effective exchange rates for modeling. Sample includes data for twenty years ranging from 1997-2016 for 16 large economies of Asia. Panel data modeling technique "fixed effects regression" is used with two different proxies of dependent variable. "Overall financial development" is found to have positive and significant relationship with international trade. Study confirms the robustness of the results to different measures of international trade. Results from fixed effects model confirm positive and significant relationship between all components of financial development and international trade, and between overall financial development and international trade in Asian economies. Singapore, Japan and South Korea represent highest levels of financial development while other countries showed relatively less development financial development level according to measure used in this study. An important policy implication is if a country wants to grow economically by using instrument of trade policy especially exports improvement, then it has to develop its financial system to efficiently fulfill "international trade finance" needs. Keywords: Financial Development Index, International Trade, Asia DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/11-11-04 Publication date: April 30th 201

Quantum Discord for Investigating Quantum Correlations without Entanglement in Solids

Quantum systems unfold diversified correlations which have no classical counterparts. These quantum correlations have various different facets. Quantum entanglement, as the most well known measure of quantum correlations, plays essential roles in quantum information processing. However, it has recently been pointed out that quantum entanglement cannot describe all the nonclassicality in the correlations. Thus the study of quantum correlations in separable states attracts widely attentions. Herein, we experimentally investigate the quantum correlations of separable thermal states in terms of quantum discord. The sudden change of quantum discord is observed, which captures ambiguously the critical point associated with the behavior of Hamiltonian. Our results display the potential applications of quantum correlations in studying the fundamental properties of quantum system, such as quantum criticality of non-zero temperature.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

catena-Poly[4,4′-bipyridinium [[diaqua­disulfatocadmium(II)]-μ-4,4′-bipyridine-κ2 N:N′] dihydrate]

The title compound, {(C10H10N2)[Cd(SO4)2(C10H8N2)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n, consists of anionic chains of the Cd complex, diprotonated 4,4′-bipyridinium cations and uncoordinated water mol­ecules. In the anionic chain, the Cd atom lies on a center of inversion in an octa­hedral geometry. The midpoint of the coordinated bipyridine also resides on a center of inversion, as does the non-coordinated bipyridinium counterion. O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding inter­actions and π–π stacking inter­actions in the structure are responsible for the supra­molecular assembly

The environments of Type Ia supernovae with different relative equivalent width of Si II feature in their spectra

Although type Ia supernovae are so important in many astrophysical field, e.g. in cosmology, their explosion mechanism and progenitor system are still unclear. In physics, the relative equivalent width (REW) of the Si II 635.5 nm absorption feature reflects the velocity interval of silicon in the supernova ejecta and then may provide constraints on the explosion mechanism of SNe Ia. In this paper, we divide the SNe Ia into broad line (BL) and normal line (NL) subsamples based on their REW of Si II 635.5 nm absorption lines around maximum light, and find that the BL SNe Ia have a dimmer mean brightness than NL ones, which possibly results from their different metallicities. However, based on the pixel statistics study on the environments of two subsamples, we do not find any significant potential difference on the environments between BL and NL SNe Ia, which implies that the explosion mechanism of SNe Ia could be independent of their progenitor populations.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

2-Benzyl-6-benz­yloxypyridazin-3(2H)-one

In the title compound, C18H16N2O2, the central pyridazine ring forms dihedral angles of 77.08 (5)° and 84.62 (5)° with the two benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 68.18 (4)°. A very weak intra­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bond and an intra­molecular C—H⋯π inter­action occur. The crystal structure is stabilized by weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C—H⋯π and π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6867 (10) Å]

catena-Poly[copper(II)-bis­(μ-2-formyl-6-meth­oxy­phenolato-κ4 O 2,O 1:O 1,O 6)-[(methanol-κO)sodium]-μ-perchlorato-κ2 O:O′]

In the title heterodinuclear complex, [CuNa(C8H7O3)2(ClO4)(CH3OH)]n, the CuII ion is five-coordinated by four O atoms from two 2-formyl-6-meth­oxy­phenolate anions and one O atom from a perchlorate anion in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry. The Na+ ion is six-coordinated by four O atoms from two 2-formyl-6-meth­oxy­phenolate ligands, one O atom of a methanol mol­ecule and one O atom of a perchlorate anion. The perchlorate anions link the Na+ and CuII ions, forming a chain along [010]. O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the chains. π–π inter­actions are present between the benzene rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.566 (2) and 3.702 (2) Å]. The O atoms of the perchlorate anion are disordered over two sets of sites, with an occupancy ratio of 0.481 (8):0.519 (8)

1-(2,4-Dichloro­phen­yl)-5-(2-nitro­anilino)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile

In the title compound, C16H9Cl2N5O2, the folded mol­ecular conformation is characterized by a dihedral angle between the two benzene rings of 74.03 (5)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond is observed between the H atom of the amide group and a nitro-group O atom. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds feature in the crystal packing