The Application of Total Quality Management Techniques to a Winemaking Program With Multiple Growers and Multiple Vineyard Sites BRADLEY ALDERSON

Total Quality Management is a set of procedures, systems, and managemenllools that are normally applied in the context of a manufacturing or service process, not in the growing and production of fine wines. The challenges of using these procedures in the production of a natural product that is subject to different climates, annual weather patterns, vineyard sijes, and different vineyard managers is discussed. Applied techniques for creating continuous improvements by winegrowers through data collection and communication of stylistic desires are discussed. Worldwide, winemakers have made advancements in the science of enology. Better cellar equipment, a strong appreciation for hygiene within the winery, an understanding of the traditional techniques, why they work and when to use them, and improved fining, finishing, and bottling procedures are all innovations that have helped modern enologists produce better wines at competitive prices. One critical innovation was the training and education of winery personnel and the involvement of all the staffin the goal of producing increasingly higher and higher quality wines. This concept ofteam involvement in quality and production goes by many names and for the purposes of this presentation it will be referred to as "Total Quality Management" or TQM. Viticulture also has seen many advancements in the last twenty years. Mechanization, trellis and canopy management, rootstock and clonal selection, pest management techniques, and irrigation practices are just a few of these advancements. There are many increased choices for the modern viticulturist to make in managing his vineyard. In vineyards owned and managed by a winery, implementing these choices to produce the quality and style of wine desired is controlled by the winemaker. In the case of a winery that relies upon grapes purchased from many winegrowers, the winemaker must communicate his style and winegrape needs to these winegrower. The focus of this presentation is one approach to assuring and improving the quality and style of grapes delivered to the winemaker by the winegrower. This is a classic supplier-tocustomer relationship and an appropriate application for TQM. The challenge is to mass produce table wines that rival and exceed the quality and style of the very best handcrafted wines ofthe world. The Benchmarks Time and the taste of man have, over the twenty or thirty centuries, sorted out most of the old world's premium locations for a particular variety and style of winema king. For the vineyards and appellations of France, Italy, and Germany this has been unquestionably successful. These costly, hand-made, traditional wines are the benchmarks that winemakers throughout the "New World" strive to emulate. The written and oral material, both scientific and anecdotal, on these handcrafted world class wines, is strongly focused on the production of wines from a single vineyard in a single appellation to a single winery or chateau. Fascinating and entertaining, thes

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テレビジョン画質の主観評価法の国際的基準である国際電気通信連合無線通信部門(ITUR)の勧告500 の歴史的変遷を、心理学的測定法の面から調査した。1974 年の初版500 では心理学的測定法は全3.5 ページのうち約1 ページを占め、1982 年の第2 版でも同様であった。しかし、1986 年の第3 版では現用のDSIS法、DSCQS法などの測定法が掲載され、全9 ページの内、約4 ページへと急増した。さらに1990 年の第4 版では全ページ数16、心理学的測定法約10 ページに増加し、手法選択のための表等も整備された。1992 年の第5 版ではデジタル画像評価に関する検討も追加された。1994 年の第6 版、1995 年の第7 版では記述の整理が行われ、アナログ画像の心理学的測定法はほぼ固まったこと、今後はプログラムの影響を含むデジタル画像の測定法が課題であること、が認められた。ITU-R Recommendation BT-500 is the international standard of subjective assessment method of theTV picture quality. The psychological measurement is one of the most important parts in the method. Inthe first edition of BT.-500 published in 1974, the measurement occupies only one page in total3.5pages. However, it rapidly increases to 10 pages in the 4th edition in 1990. Selection tables for themeasurement were also added. In the 5th edition in 1992, problems on the assessment of digital picturesincluding program contents effects were described. In the 6th in 1994 and 7th in 1995, it is seen that themeasurement of analog pictures is almost completed, and also seen that the important question is thepsychological measurement of digital picture quality

Late Recurrence and Second Primary Malignancy among 139 Patients with Germ Cell Tumors: Long-term Outcome of the Disease in a Single-center Experience

doi:10.1093/jjco/hyp14