Work-family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties

Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work–family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties

Acetarsol Suppositories: Effective Treatment for Refractory Proctitis in a Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: Management of proctitis refractory to conventional therapies presents a common clinical problem. The use of acetarsol suppositories, which are derived from organic arsenic, was first described in 1965. Data concerning clinical efficacy and tolerability are very limited. AIM: To examine the efficacy of acetarsol suppositories for the treatment of refractory proctitis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with acetarsol suppositories between 2008 and 2014 at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical response was defined as resolution of symptoms back to baseline at the time of next clinic review. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were prescribed acetarsol suppositories between March 2008 and July 2014 (29 patients with ulcerative colitis, nine with Crohn's disease, and one with indeterminate colitis). Thirty-eight were included for analysis. The standard dose of acetarsol was 250 mg twice daily per rectum for 4 weeks. Clinical response was observed in 26 patients (68%). Of the 11 patients who had endoscopic assessment before and after treatment, nine (82%) showed endoscopic improvement and five (45%) were in complete remission (Wilcoxon signed-rank test p = 0.006). One patient developed a macular skin rash 1 week after commencing acetarsol, which resolved within 4 weeks of drug cessation. CONCLUSION: Acetarsol was effective for two out of every three patients with refractory proctitis. This cohort had failed a broad range of topical and systemic treatments, including anti-TNFα therapy. Clinical efficacy was reflected in significant endoscopic improvement. Adverse effects of acetarsol were rare

Estudio comparativo entre urea y torta de soja en la producción de leche en cabras de raza granadina

Se ha estudiado comparativamente el efecto de dos raciones complementadas con torta de soja una y la otra con cebada más urea, sobre la producción de leche y grasa de la misma, en dos lotes de cabras de raza granadina. Hemos calculado el costo de producción del litro de leche empleando ambas raciones, para conocer la repercusión económica que tiene la posible sustitución. Se ha estudiado el stress producido por el cambio brusco de raciones, en la producción de leche y en el tenor en grasa de la misma. Hemos aplicado tratamiento estadístico para conocer el grado de significación de nuestros resultados, en producción de leche y grasa de la misma, en el estudio comparativo de las dos raciones y en la influencia por el cambio brusco de la dieta De nuestros ensayos concluimos: La sustitución de la torta de soja por cebada adicionada de urea, en la alimentación de la cabra no produce ninguna variación en la producción de leche y aumenta ligeramente el tenor en grasa de la misma, según demuestra el tratamiento estadístico aplicado a nuestros resultados. El costo de producción del litro de leche se encuentra disminuido en 35 céntimos, cuando los animales consumen la ración de cebada más urea. Al cambiar bruscamente las raciones se produce un “stress” en los animales, manifestándose por una disminución de la producción de leche; hecho significativo en el 90 % de los casos. Igual ocurre con el tenor en grasa de la leche, no siendo esta caída tan marcada, y la significación encontrada en el análisis estadístico es escasa (80 %).Comparatively, it has studied the effect of two supplemented portions which one with cake soya and another barley plus urea, about the production of milk and fat of the same, in two groups of granadina breed goats. Both portions we have been used to calculate the price of production milk per litre with the objective to know the economic repercussion which has the possible replacement. We have studied the stress caused by the sudden change of rations, in the production of milk and the fat under it. We applied statistical analysis to determine the degree of significance of our results in milk production and fat of it, in the comparative study of the two portions and the influence by the sudden change of diet In our tests we concluded: The substitution of soybean meal by barley added urea, in food goat produces no variation in milk production and slightly increases fat under the same, as shown by the statistical analysis applied to our results. The production cost of a liter of milk is decreased by 35 cents, when animals consume the ration of barley plus urea. When changing the rations sharply a 'stress "occurs in animals, manifested by a decrease in milk production; significant fact in 90% of cases. So is the tenor in milk fat and not being so strong this fall , and the significance found in the statistical analysis is low (80%).Cátedra de Fisiología Animal (Prof. Dr. G. Varela

Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5.]

The impact of social media visual features on acceptance of meat substitute

There is a growing demand for meat substitutes among consumers, given that excessive meat consumption is associated with negative consequences for personal health and the environment. However, the market shares of such meat substitutes remain low, thus highlighting the need to further investigate how to increase consumer acceptance of meat substitutes. The present research investigates social media data of plant-based meat brands and explores how visual features could lead to a high number of likes, which is a numerical representation of social acceptance. The findings of this research show that social media posts with warm color, vertical symmetry, and horizontal symmetry receive a higher number of likes. Further, there is a joint effect between warm color and vertical symmetry, such that vertical symmetry would strengthen the positive effect of warm color on the number of likes. These findings offer a more nuanced understanding of how to increase consumer acceptance of meat substitutes and how to promote plant-based meat brands in social media. </jats:p

Transformative Branding: A Dynamic Capability To Challenge The Dominant Social Paradigm

In response to calls by macromarketing scholars, this article introduces transformative branding to demonstrate how branding—a process traditionally conceptualised at the firm level to achieve marketing management outcomes—can contribute to both market and societal systems. We define transformative branding as a dynamic capability deployed by firms as a prosocial process to facilitate stakeholder co-created brand meanings that draw on hybrid market and social logics. We contend that transformative branding encompasses two market-shaping activities, which drive macro-level change according to hybrid logics: (1) leadership i.e., building a vision for transformation and (2) collaborative coupling i.e., implementing transformation with stakeholders. Shaping the market and society in this way creates opportunities for transforming economic, regulatory, socio-cultural, and political environments, whereby transformative branding works to challenge the dominant social paradigm from within the market system. We conclude with a cautionary note about the potential of branding as a force for good

Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision.

BACKGROUND: Male circumcision (MC) status and genital infection risk are interlinked and MC is now part of HIV prevention programs worldwide. Current MC prevalence is not known for all countries globally. Our aim was to provide estimates for country-specific and global MC prevalence. METHODS: MC prevalence data were obtained by searches in PubMed, Demographic and Health Surveys, AIDS Indicator Surveys, and Behavioural Surveillance Surveys. Male age was ≥15 years in most surveys. Where no data were available, the population proportion whose religious faith or culture requires MC was used. The total number of circumcised males in each country and territory was calculated using figures for total males from (i) 2015 US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) data for sex ratio and total population in all 237 countries and territories globally and (ii) 2015 United Nations (UN) figures for males aged 15-64 years. RESULTS: The estimated percentage of circumcised males in each country and territory varies considerably. Based on (i) and (ii) above, global MC prevalence was 38.7 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 33.4, 43.9) and 36.7 % (95 % CI: 31.4, 42.0). Approximately half of circumcisions were for religious and cultural reasons. For countries lacking data we assumed 99.9 % of Muslims and Jews were circumcised. If actual prevalence in religious groups was lower, then MC prevalence in those countries would be lower. On the other hand, we assumed a minimum prevalence of 0.1 % related to MC for medical reasons. This may be too low, thereby underestimating MC prevalence in some countries. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides the most accurate estimate to date of MC prevalence in each country and territory in the world. We estimate that 37-39 % of men globally are circumcised. Considering the health benefits of MC, these data may help guide efforts aimed at the use of voluntary, safe medical MC in disease prevention programs in various countries

Valor leche de la harina de higo chumbo en vacas de raza holandesa

Hemos comparado la harina de higo chumbo desecado frente a la cebada, en la alimentación de vacas destinadas a la producción de leche, empleando el método de “valor leche” descrito en anteriores trabajos citados en la bibliografía. Se ha encontrado que dicha sustitución es posible, ya que, tanto la producción de leche como la de grasa de la misma, no tienen variaciones notables cuando los animales consumen las diferentes raciones. El tratamiento estadístico empleado con nuestros resultados, nos pone de manifiesto una falta de significación entre ambas dietas, y por lo tanto, la sustitución del 20 por ciento de la mezcla concentrada que en forma de cebada ingerían los animales por harina de higo chumbo, en la alimentación de las vacas lecheras es posible . Se ha observado un aumento de la apetencia en la ración que contenía la mencionada harina, lo mismo que ocurría en la alimentación del cerdo, y lo que demuestra el alto grado de palatabilidad de este alimento. Estos resultados, como los anteriores de las experiencias realizadas por nosotros sobre el empleo de este nuevo alimento en la nutrición animal, tiene un gran valor en aquellas zonas deficitarias en alimentos, ya que, con él se puede paliar las dificultades que en dichas regiones supone la implantación de una masa de animales, que aseguren el consumo preciso de leche y carne por la población humana de bajo nivel de vida en estas zonas, revelándolo la Encuesta Nacional de Alimentación, con cifras deficitarias en un gran sector de la población, en proteína animal y calcio.We have compared the flavour of disiccated «Higo Chumbo» «(Opunctia ficus-indica)>> with barley, in the alimentation of cows destined for production of milk, employing the méthod of > describe on former works notices on tne bibliographie. lt has been found out, that the substitute is possible, as the production of milk or its fat have not remarkables varies, when animals consume the different rations. Statistical treatment shows us lack of significance between both diets, and therefore, the 20% substitution of the concentrated mixture that in form of barley the animals swallowed as flavour of «Higo Chumbo» (<< Opunctia ficus-indica» ) in the alimentation of cows is possible. We have observed an increment of the appetite in the ration that contained the mentioned flavour, the same that happened in the alimentation of pig, and that proves the high degree of palatabilite of this aliment.Cátedra de Fisiología Animal (Prof. Dr. G. Varela