Mean baseline normalized performance at 1:00am (16 hours awake), 5:00am (20 hours awake) and 11:00 am (26 hours awake) compared with performance after a normal night of sleep (at 11:00 am) across dependent variables of the Psychomotor Vigilance Test, Critical Tracking Test, Divided Attention Test, and Attention Network Test.

<p>*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p< 0.001. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean.</p

Mean baseline normalized performance at 1:00 am (16 hours awake), 5:00 am (20 hours awake) and 11:00 am (26 hours awake) compared with performance after a normal night of sleep (at 11:00 am) across dependent variables of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Concept Shifting Test, Determination Test, Useful Field of View Test, and Postural Balance Test.

<p>*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p <0.001. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean.</p

Correlations between changes (performance at 5:00 am—performance after normal night of sleep) in mean reaction time in the Psychomotor Vigilance Test and changes in SDLP.

<p>Correlations between changes (performance at 5:00 am—performance after normal night of sleep) in mean reaction time in the Psychomotor Vigilance Test and changes in SDLP.</p

Mean (SE), Overall Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Contrast Analyses of Laboratory Tests.

<p>Abbreviations: z-AE = z-score of average tracking error; z-lg10(cl) = z-score of log transformed total number of control losses; z-RT = z-score of reaction time; z-log10(mi) = z-score of log transformed total number of misses; ln = natural log.</p><p>Mean (SE), Overall Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Contrast Analyses of Laboratory Tests.</p

Significant correlations between changes in laboratory test parameters and changes in on-the-road highway driving parameters between time points during a night of sleep deprivation and testing after a normal night of sleep.

<p>^a outliers, i.e. values larger than ± 2 SD from the mean, were removed.</p><p>*p <. 05,</p><p>**p <. 01.</p><p>Abbreviations: SDLP = Standard Deviation of Lateral Position, SDSP = Standard Deviation of Speed.</p><p>Significant correlations between changes in laboratory test parameters and changes in on-the-road highway driving parameters between time points during a night of sleep deprivation and testing after a normal night of sleep.</p

Mean difference scores with 95% confidence intervals with performance after normal night of sleep, mean baseline^*-normalized z-scores, and effect sizes (Dunlap’s) of the performance tests.

<p>+ indicates moderate effect size;</p><p>++ indicates large effect sizes.</p><p>Abbreviations: RT = Reaction Time; z-AE = z-score of average tracking error; z-lg10(cl) = z-score of log transformed total number of control losses; z-RT = z-score of reaction time; z-log10(mi) = z-score of log transformed total number of misses; ln = natural log.</p><p>* baseline is performance after a night of normal sleep on a separate day.</p><p>Mean difference scores with 95% confidence intervals with performance after normal night of sleep, mean baseline^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0117045#t003fn004" target="_blank">*</a>}-normalized z-scores, and effect sizes (Dunlap’s) of the performance tests.</p

Specific EEG Sleep Pattern in the Prefrontal Cortex in Primary Insomnia

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To assess the specific prefrontal activity in comparison to those in the other main cortical areas in primary insomnia patients and in good sleepers.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Fourteen primary insomnia patients and 11 good sleepers were included in the analysis. Participants completed one night of polysomnography in the sleep lab. Power spectra were calculated during the NREM (Non-rapid eyes movements) and the REM (Rapid eyes movements) sleep periods at prefrontal, occipital, temporal and central electrode positions.</p><p>Results</p><p>During the NREM sleep, the power spectra did not differ between groups in the prefrontal cortex; while primary insomnia patients exhibited a higher beta power spectrum and a lower delta power spectrum compared to good sleepers in other areas. During the REM sleep, the beta1 power spectrum was lower in the prefrontal cortex in primary insomnia patients compared to good sleepers; while no significant difference between groups was obtained for the other areas.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The present study shows a specific prefrontal sleep pattern during the whole sleep period. In addition, we suggest that primary insomnia patients displayed a dysfunction in the reactivation of the limbic system during the REM sleep and we give additional arguments in favor of a sleep-protection mechanism displayed by primary insomnia patients.</p></div

Baseline characteristics of participants.

<p>Baseline characteristics of participants.</p

Relative power spectra for the sigma band during stage 3+4 for both groups (insomnia patients and good sleepers) and each areas (others vs prefrontal).

<p>** p<0.05.</p

Sleep characteristics of participants.

<p>Sleep characteristics of participants.</p