Climate change and respiratory disease: clinical guidance for healthcare professionals.

UNLABELLED Climate change is one of the major public health emergencies with already unprecedented impacts on our planet, environment and health. Climate change has already resulted in substantial increases in temperatures globally and more frequent and extreme weather in terms of heatwaves, droughts, dust storms, wildfires, rainstorms and flooding, with prolonged and altered allergen and microbial exposure as well as the introduction of new allergens to certain areas. All these exposures may have a major burden on patients with respiratory conditions, which will pose increasing challenges for respiratory clinicians and other healthcare providers. In addition, complex interactions between these different factors, along with other major environmental risk factors (e.g. air pollution), will exacerbate adverse health effects on the lung. For example, an increase in heat and sunlight in urban areas will lead to increases in ozone exposure among urban populations; effects of very high exposure to smoke and pollution from wildfires will be exacerbated by the accompanying heat and drought; and extreme precipitation events and flooding will increase exposure to humidity and mould indoors. This review aims to bring respiratory healthcare providers up to date with the newest research on the impacts of climate change on respiratory health. Respiratory clinicians and other healthcare providers need to be continually educated about the challenges of this emerging and growing public health problem and be equipped to be the key players in solutions to mitigate the impacts of climate change on patients with respiratory conditions. EDUCATIONAL AIMS To define climate change and describe major related environmental factors that pose a threat to patients with respiratory conditions.To provide an overview of the epidemiological evidence on climate change and respiratory diseases.To explain how climate change interacts with air pollution and other related environmental hazards to pose additional challenges for patients.To outline recommendations to protect the health of patients with respiratory conditions from climate-related environmental hazards in clinical practice.To outline recommendations to clinicians and patients with respiratory conditions on how to contribute to mitigating climate change

Incidence and long-term outcome of severe asthma-COPD overlap compared to asthma and COPD alone:a 35-year prospective study of 57,053 middle-aged adults

BACKGROUND: Incidence and prognosis for severe asthma–COPD overlap is poorly characterized. We investigated incidence and long-term outcome for patients with asthma–COPD overlap compared to asthma and COPD alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 57,053 adults (aged 50–64 years) enrolled in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort (1993–1997) were followed in the National Patients Registry for admissions for asthma (DJ45–46) and COPD (DJ40–44) and vital status. Asthma–COPD overlap was defined as at least one hospital admission for asthma and one for COPD (different time points), and incident asthma–COPD overlap as at least one of the diagnoses occurring after enrollment into the Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort. RESULTS: A total of 1,845 (3.2%) and 4,037 (7.1%) participants had admissions for asthma and COPD, respectively, with 662 (1.2%) participants with asthma–COPD overlap. Incidence rate of asthma–COPD overlap per 1,000 person-years was higher in women (0.73) than in men (0.54) (P<0.02). Mortality rate was higher in asthma–COPD overlap (25.9 per 1,000 person-years) compared with COPD (23.1, P<0.05) and asthma (7.9, P<0.001) alone. Compared to COPD alone, mortality was higher in women with asthma–COPD overlap (19.6 and 25.5, respectively; P<0.01), and the excess mortality rate for asthma–COPD overlap patients was most prominent for younger age groups (12.9 compared to 7.2 and 4.6 for COPD and asthma alone, respectively; P<0.01). CONCLUSION: This large population-based study revealed a higher incidence of severe asthma–COPD overlap in women compared to men, and furthermore that all-cause mortality is higher in women and younger subjects with asthma–COPD overlap compared with those with asthma or COPD alone

Allergies to food and airborne allergens in children and adolescents: role of epigenetics in a changing environment.

Allergic diseases affect millions of children and adolescents worldwide. In this Review, we focus on allergies to food and airborne allergens and provide examples of prevalence trends during a time when climate change is of increasing concern. Profound environmental changes have affected natural systems in terms of biodiversity loss, air pollution, and climate. We discuss the potential links between these changes and allergic diseases in children, and the clinical implications. Several exposures of relevance for allergic disease also correlate with epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation. We propose that epigenetics could be a promising tool by which exposures and hazards related to a changing environment can be captured. Epigenetics might also provide promising biomarkers and help to elucidate the mechanisms related to allergic disease initiation and progress

Allergies to food and airborne allergens in children and adolescents : role of epigenetics in a changing environment

Allergic diseases today affect millions of children and adolescents worldwide. In this review, we focus on allergies to food and airborne allergens, and provide examples of prevalence trends during a time when climate change is of increasing concern. Profound environmental changes have affected natural systems in terms of biodiversity loss, air pollution levels and climate change. We discuss potential links between these changes and allergic diseases in children, as well as clinical implications. Several exposures of relevance for allergic disease also correlate with epigenetic changes such as DNA-methylation levels. We propose that epigenetics may offer a promising tool by which exposures and hazards related to a changing environment may be captured. Epigenetics may also provide promising biomarkers and help elucidation of mechanisms related to allergic disease initiation and progress. Key messages: • Allergic diseases affect millions of children and adolescents worldwide; between 5 and 30% of adolescents report rhino-conjunctivitis symptoms and up to 10 % report food allergy. • Links between climate change and allergic diseases are of increasing concern, and these include: extended and altered pollen seasons, spread of allergens to new areas along with changing and warmer climate, air pollution exposures changes, increasing exposure to heat events, and altered biodiversity. • These new climate change aspects of allergic diseases have clinical implications for prevention, diagnostics and treatment. • Epigenetic changes, exemplified by DNA methylation, are associated both with environmental exposures and allergic diseases, although causality needs to be explored further. • There is potential in the use of epigenetic signatures and omics profiles to detect and monitor aspects of environmental exposures of relevance for health and disease in children and adolescents.H2020 research program (TRIBAL, No 757919; EXPANSE project, No 874627; Prominent)Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Heart-Lung FoundationRegion StockholmUS National Institutes of Health (R01 AI118833, R01 AI147028, U01 AI160082, and U19 AI136053)ZON-MW (VICI grant)Netherlands Lung FoundationGSKVertexTEVA the NetherlandsNovo Nordisk Foundation Challenge Programme (#NNF17OC0027812)Accepte