The reduction of nitroaromatic compaunds on the platinum electrode

The reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT),as an example of nitroaromatic compounds with three nitro groups, was investigated by cyclic voltammetry on a platinum electrode in aqueous sodium chloride solutions with acetonitrile. The obtained cyclic voltammograms showed three well-pronounced reduction peaks in the potential range of –0.43 to –0.8 V (vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode). The potentials of the peaks were dependant on the potential scan rate as well as on the TNT concentration, indicating the irreversibility of the reduction process. A calibration curve as a linear dependence of the first peak current on the TNT concentration was obtained in the range 4.4 – 638.4 μM L–1.The platinum electrode exhibited an electrochemically stabile behavior for the TNT reduction process. Hence, a Pt electrode could be a suitable material for TNT sensing.Belgrade, Serbia, June 6-10, 201

Removal of mineral oil and wastewater pollutants using hard coal

This study investigates the use of hard coal as an adsorbent for removal of mineral oil from wastewater. In order to determine the efficiency of hard coal as an adsorbent of mineral oil, process parameters such as sorption capacity (in static and dynamic conditions), temperature, pH, contact time, flow rate, and chemical pretreatment were evaluated in a series of batch and continuous flow experiments. There were significant differences in the mineral oil removal for various pH values examined. The adsorption of mineral oil increased as pH values diverged from 7 (neutral). At lower temperatures, the adsorption was notably higher. The wastewater flow rate was adjusted to achieve optimal water purification. Equilibrium was reached after 10 h in static conditions. At that time, more than 99% of mineral oil had been removed. At the beginning of the filtering process, the adsorption rate increased rapidly, only to show a minor decrease afterwards. Equilibrium data were fitted to Freundlich models to determine the water-hard coal partitioning coefficient. Physical adsorption caused by properties of the compounds was the predominant mechanism in the removal process

Health care facilities preparedeness for responding to industrial hazards - Case study of health facility in Obrenovac, Serbia

U skladu sa opštim načelima datim kroz Sendai i Hjogo konvencije u oblasti upravljanja rizicima u uslovima katastrofa (Hyogo and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Management) izazvanim prirodnim i antropogenim faktorima, na teritoriji opštine Obrenovac sprovedeno je istraživanje spremnosti zdravstvenih ustanova da odgovore na potencijalne industrijske akcidente. Lokalne zdravstvene ustanove su javni objekti koji predstavljaju prvi nivo u hijerarhiji pružanja pomoći lokalnom stanovništvu u slučaju industrijskih hazarda manjih ili većih razmera. S tim u vezi, stepen njihove opremljenosti predstavlja imperativ u upravljanju rizicima od katastrofa na nekom području. Kroz istraživanje indeksa bezbednosti lokalne zdravstvene ustanove u Obrenovcu (doma zdravlja) utvrđene su postojeće mogućnosti za odgovor na industrijske katastrofe i dat predlog mera koje bi trebalo sprovesti u cilju unapređenja kvaliteta usluga u slučaju akcidenata. Kroz rad će biti prikazana metodologija u oblasti definisanja otpornosti zdravstvenih objekata, kroz utvrđivanje indeksa bezbednosti bolnica (hospital safety index), propisanog od strane Svetske zdravstvene organizacije, mogućnost primene ove metode evaluacije na zdravstvenim ustanovama u Srbiji, prezentovani rezultati istraživanja i dat predlog mera za prevazilaženje organizacionih, tehničkih i arhitekonskograđevinskih problema u objektima zdravstvene ustanove u Obrenovcu.Based on the Hyogo and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Management caused by natural or human factors, a study was conducted on the territory of Obrenovac municipality regarding the readiness of health care facilities to respond to potential industrial accidents. Local health care facilities are public service provider which often represent the primary level in the hierarchy of providing health care services to the local population in case of smaller or larger industrial accidents. Through our paper we will present the methodology used for calculating the hospital safety index defined by the World Health Organization, the possibility to apply this method of evaluation on health care facilities in Serbia, the preliminary results of our studies and suggested procedures for overcoming organizational, architectural, and construction problems in the primary health care facility of Obrenovac.Urednici: Miroslav Stanojević, Aleksandar Jovovi

Cancer Incidence in a Population Living Near a Petrochemical Facility and Oil Refinery

There is growing concern that pollution from petrochemical and oil refinery installations in Pan~evo (Serbia) has increased the incidence of various diseases including cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate cancer incidence in Pan~evo and to compare it with the region of central Serbia. Cancer incidence data were obtained from the corresponding Serbian Cancer Registries. Systematic local monitoring of benzene, toluene and methyl mercaptane in the atmosphere within Pan~evo’s industrial area indicated that the average monthly and yearly concentrations often exceeded permitted levels proposed by EU standards (5 mgm–3). Cancer incidence was lower in Pan~evo than in central Serbia (the standardised incidence for all types of cancers in Pan~evo was 218.3 and in central Serbia it was 241.7 per 100,000 inhabitants). The available data do not allow us to correlate air pollution in Pan~evo with increased cancer incidence

Support of laboratory accreditation in Central and Eastern Europe by preliminary assessment

The development of a competent and reliable network of accredited laboratories represents one, among other, important means of removal of technical barriers to trade. The achievement of the goal "tested once-accepted everywhere" should be supported by carefully planned actions. The paper presents a detailed description of a proposal to develop European Cooperation for Accreditation (EA) laboratory multilateral recognition agreements in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries by preliminary laboratory accreditation assessment. The proposed concept could be a valid supporting approach to EA procedures, removing the main obstacles that may be present in the accreditation bodies of CEE countries, prior to entering the formal evaluation process. The proposed technique is rapid and of low cost, yet it should give a broad overview of the accreditation body's level of development

Comparative analysis of laboratory accreditation in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Slovakia and Serbia and Montenegro

The development of an internationally recognized laboratory accreditation process, accompanied by a mutual recognition agreement (MRA), is an issue of great interest in Central and Eastern European countries. This paper presents a comparative analysis of laboratory accreditation in Bulgaria, Lithuania, Slovakia and Serbia and Montenegro. The basic analysis technique was preliminary laboratory accreditation assessment (PLAA). The analysis data were obtained via a questionnaire issued from January to June 2004, with the participation of accreditation bodies. Results from the study are presented in four sections: accreditation body standards, accreditation body organization, assessors and proficiency testing, and inter-laboratory comparisons. Research results for the countries were accessed using PLAA techniques and conformity/non conformity statements. The analysis verified that PLAA can provide low cost, rapid assessment of the key influencing factors in laboratory accreditation bodies

Laboratory authorization versus accreditation in transitional economies: Case study of Serbia

Many CEE governments are still using various systems of laboratory authorization together with ISO/IEC 17025 laboratory accreditation. It is difficult to understand from the EU prospective, the existence of two parallel laboratory competence verification systems. The basic relations between laboratory accreditation and authorization: independence and succession have been defined. The case study of testing laboratory accreditation versus authorization in Serbia, has been presented and discussed. Relevant requests and procedures for water quality, food and air quality testing laboratory authorization were analysed in detail. Comparative analyses of accreditation and authorization have established: (i) independent relations, (ii) relevant regulation is in collision and barely legal, (iii) authorization is (technically) on the far lower level than accreditation is, and (iv) authorization requests cause high space and personnel costs. It has been concluded that it is not adequate to perform two policies at the same time: one EU oriented - laboratory accreditation, and one non-EU oriented - laboratory authorization. The policy proposal is that all CEE countries should abandon existing laboratory authorization procedures and replace them by accreditation. Proposed goal could be reached in rather a short transition process of 2-3 years

Analiza gubitaka isparavanja naftnih derivata na primeru auto pretakališta

The quantity of loading losses, which are the primary source of evaporative emissions from tank cars and trucks was analyzed in this paper. Loading losses occur as organic vapors in "empty" cargo tanks are displaced to the atmosphere by the liquid being loaded into the tanks. Emissions from loading petroleum liquid were estimated using three methods: the API (American Petroleum Institute) method, the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure -Association of German Engineers) method and the Yugoslav Standard JUS B.HO.531 method. The mass of evaporative losses from loading operations is a function of the following parameters: the method of loading the cargo, the physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo and the ambient temperature during loading. Evaporation losses from the loading of motor gasoline (MB-95, BMB-95, MB-98 and MB-86) and diesel fuels (D-2, Euro D-2) were calculated. Losses on a monthly and annual basis were presented for an assumed amount of loaded cargo. It was estimated that the highest loading losses occur in the summer period because of high ambient daily temperatures and in the period of higher transporting levels. It should be pointed out that the loading losses of diesel fuel calculated using an empirical coefficient according to JUS B.HO.531 are significantly higher in comparison with the loading losses calculated using emission factors from the EPA and the VDI method. The gasoline loading losses calculated using emission factors derived from the three methods are similar.U radu su analizirani gubici usled isparavanja naftnih derivata na velikom auto pretakalištu. Za izračunavanje gubitaka korišćene su tri metode: a) metoda za izračunavanje gubitaka Američkog Naftnog Instituta API (American Petroleum Institute), b) metoda iz uputstva Saveza Nemačkih Inženjera VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) i c) važeći jugoslovenski standard sa obaveznom primenom JUS B.HO. 531. Masa gubitaka usled isparavanja derivata pri pretakanju je funkcija sledećih parametara: načina utovara, fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika derivata koji se preface i temperature na kojoj se izvodi punjenje. Izračunati su gubici isparavanja prilikom utovara motornih benzina (MB-95, BMB-95, MB-98, MB-86) i dizel goriva (D-2, Euro D-2). Gubici su prikazani na mesečnom i godišnjem nivou za pretpostavljeni obim pretakanja. Zaključuje se da su najveći gubici usled isparavanja derivata u letnjem periodu zbog visokih dnevnih temperatura, kao i u periodima povećane otpreme proizvoda. Upoređivanjem dobijenih rezultata uočava se da su vrednosti gubitaka isparavanja pri utovaru motornih benzina izračunavanjem pomoću tri metode istog reda veličine. Izračunati gubici isparavanja pri pretakanju dizel goriva korišćenjem emisionog koeficijenta iz JUS B.HO.531. se značajno razlikuju u odnosu na gubitke izračunate na osnovu emisionih faktora dobijenih drugim dvema metodama

Procena gubitaka isparavanja naftnih derivata prilikom pretakanja

In this paper was analyzed the quantity of loading losses, which are the primary source of evaporative emissions from tank cars and trucks. Loading losses occur as organic vapors in "empty" cargo tanks are displaced to the atmosphere by the liquid being loaded into the tanks. Emissions from loading petroleum liquid were estimated using three methods: API (American Petroleum Institute) method, VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure - Association of German Engineers) method and Yugoslav Standard JUS B.HO. 531. method. The mass of evaporative losses from loading operations is a function of the following parameters: method of loading the cargo, physical and chemical characteristics of the cargo and the ambient temperature during loading. Evaporation losses from loading of motor gasoline (MB-95, BMB-95) and diesel fuels (D-2, Euro D-2) were calculated. Losses on monthly and annual basis were presented for assumed amount of loaded cargo. It is estimated that the highest loading losses are in the summer period because of high ambient daily temperature and in the period of higher level of transporting. It should be pointed out that the loading losses of diesel fuel calculated using empirical coefficient according to JUS B.HO. 531. are significantly higher in comparison with the loading losses calculated using emission factors from EPA and VDI method. Gasoline loading losses calculated using emission factors derived from three methods have similar values.U ovom radu analizirani su gubici usled isparavanja naftnih derivata na jednom velikom auto pretakalištu. Za izračunavanje gubitaka korišćene su tri metode: metoda za izračunavanje gubitaka Američkog Naftnog Instituta API, metoda iz uputstva Saveza Nemačkih Inženjera VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure) i važeći jugoslovenski standard sa obaveznom primenom JUS B.HO. 531. Masa gubitaka usled isparavanja derivata pri pretakanju je funkcija sledećih parametara: načina utovara, fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika derivata koji se pretače i temperature na kojoj se izvodi punjenje. Izračunati su gubici isparavanja prilikom pretakanja motornih benzina (MB-95, BMB-95) i dizel goriva (D-2, Euro D-2). Gubici su prikazani na mesečnom i godišnjem nivou za pretpostavljeni obim pretakanja

Analiza uticaja različitih faktora na emisiju ugljovodonika iz skladišnih rezervoara

Oil refineries and petrochemical industry plants are comprised of a series of complex processes which vary according to processing design, the technology which is utilized, and a number of other factors. Crude oil can be converted into thousands of products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel fuel, and a myriad of other products. Although closed, gas-tight systems are generally used in refinery units, emissions into air and water can not be completely avoided even with careful handling during refining and storage of the crude oil and its products. This is due to the management and control of the process and the properties of the products concerned. The most common emitted substances in air are hydrocarbons. Most hydrocarbon emissions in processing occur in the storage areas, termed "tank farm", i.e., storage tanks for crude, feedstocks, intermediate, and final products. The emissions are the result of the evaporation of stored substances. This paper is about estimation of gaseous emissions from storage tanks in Etilen plant in HIP Petrohemija during 2004. Several emission models were created using software package Tanks 4.0 which is designed to estimate air emission from organic liquids in storage tanks. Starting point for setting up a simulation were meteorogical data, storage tanks data and liquid characteristics. Emission reports for a one - year period were generated. Varying of selected parameters was also carried out and their influence on emission estimation was described. .U ovom radu je razmatrana zavisnost emisije štetnih materija iz skladišnih rezervoara od promene pojedinih parametara. Opisani su modeli skladišnih rezervoara koji su razvijeni pomoću softverskog paketa Tanks. Polaznu osnovu za formulisanje modela sačinjavali su meteorološki podaci grada Pančeva i podaci o rezervoarima i skladišnim tečnostima fabrike Etilen, HIP Petrohemije, Pančevo iz 2004. godine. Modelovanjem izabranih rezervoara dobijeni su podaci o emisiji na godišnjem nivou. Utvrđeno je koji parametri (meteorološki faktori i karakteristike konstrukcije rezervoara) i na koji način utiču na obim emisije iz rezervoara.