8 research outputs found

    Spearfishing Regulation Benefits Artisanal Fisheries: The ReGS Indicator and Its Application to a Multiple-Use Mediterranean Marine Protected Area

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    The development of fishing efficiency coupled with an increase of fishing effort led to the overexploitation of numerous natural marine resources. In addition to this commercial pressure, the impact of recreational activities on fish assemblages remains barely known. Here we examined the impact of spearfishing limitation on resources in a marine protected area (MPA) and the benefit it provides for the local artisanal fishery through the use of a novel indicator. We analysed trends in the fish assemblage composition using artisanal fisheries data collected in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (BSNR), a Mediterranean MPA where the spearfishing activity has been forbidden over 15% of its area. Fish species were pooled into three response groups according to their target level by spearfishing. We developed the new flexible ReGS indicator reflecting shifts in species assemblages according to the relative abundance of each response group facing external pressure. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) increased by ca. 60% in the BSNR between 2000 and 2007, while the MPA was established in 1999. The gain of CPUE strongly depended on the considered response group: for the highly targeted group, the CPUE doubled while the CPUE of the untargeted group increased by only 15.5%. The ReGS value significantly increased from 0.31 to 0.45 (on a scale between 0 and 1) in the general perimeter of this MPA while it has reached a threshold of 0.43, considered as a reference point, in the area protected from spearfishing since 1982. Our results demonstrated that limiting recreational fishing by appropriate zoning in multiple-use MPAs represents a real benefit for artisanal fisheries. More generally we showed how our new indicator may reveal a wide range of impacts on coastal ecosystems such as global change or habitat degradation

    Jules Romains' Vision of a United Europe in Interwar France: Legacy and Ambiguities

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    The interwar period in Europe was characterised by a multi-faceted movement in favour of European integration. After the slaughter of the First World War, many intellectuals, writers, industrialists and politicians brought the idea of European unity to the fore and engaged in various actions, from setting up organisations to lobbying governments, to promote the unification of Europe. Much research has been carried out on the leading figures of these pro-European activities but amongst the wealth of this period other actors have tended to be forgotten. Such is the case with the French writer Jules Romains, who not only coined “Europeanism”, the word that would define the whole movement in favour of Europe, but who also actively participated in promoting a united Europe. This article seeks to introduce and discuss Romains’ ideas on Europe. It will demonstrate that his vision was very coherent within the framework of his Unanimist philosophy but was undermined by serious ambiguities. It will also demonstrate that his ideas are of great interest for what they reveal about the interwar period in France and Europe, what they bring to the genealogy of the European project, as set up after the Second World War, and for the ambiguities at the core of his concept of Europe, which are still very much at the heart of many of today’s debates about the European Union

    TolĂ©rance et hyperalgĂ©sie induites par la morphine : caractĂ©risation de l’interaction physiopathologique entre MOR et FLT3

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    Despite opioids are the most effective class of analgesics, opioid pain medications have detrimental side effects limiting their analgesic efficacy. Morphine Opioid Receptors (MOR) expressed in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons drive part of morphine analgesia and are involved in morphine-induced tolerance (MIT) and hyperalgesia (MIH). Although knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying MIT and MIH has gradually advanced, the essential molecular factors involved in opioid receptor signal transduction are still unknown, which has prevented the development of efficient therapies to maximize and sustain opioid analgesic efficacy. Our team has previously shown that the Fms-Like Tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3) in DRG sensory neurons is critical for the development and the maintenance of neuronal hyperexcitability after nerve injury-induced Neuropathic Pain (NP). Since NP shares common mechanisms with MIH, we hypothesize that peripheral neuronal FLT3 modulates morphine analgesia by interacting with peripheral MOR. We found that MOR and FLT3 are colocalized and FLT3 activation induces MIT and MIH through a physical interaction with MOR in DRG neurons. Therefore, in vitro approaches revealed an involvement of FLT3-dependent signaling pathways in the regulation of morphine analgesia in HEK293T cells co-expressing MOR and FLT3. Deletion of FLT3 reduced MIT, MIH and long-term potentiation without altering morphine antinociception. In fact, extracellular blockade of FLT3 with BDT001 potentiated morphine analgesia while CPP paradigm revealed a blockade of morphine reward effects. On a pain model of chronic inflammatory pain (CFA), BDT001 prevented MIT and MIH development with chronic morphine administration and improved morphine efficacy during treatment. Altogether, these data suggest a trigger function of FLT3 activity on MOR peripheral activation and functions.Bien que les opioĂŻdes reprĂ©sentent la classe d’analgĂ©sique la plus efficace, les traitements de la douleur par les opioĂŻdes prĂ©sentent diffĂ©rents effets indĂ©sirables limitant leur efficacitĂ©. Le rĂ©cepteur opioĂŻde (MOR) exprimĂ© par les neurones des ganglions dorso-rachidiens (DRG) est impliquĂ© dans une partie de l’analgĂ©sie induite par la morphine ainsi que dans la tolĂ©rance (MIT) et l’hyperalgĂ©sie (MIH) induites par la morphine. Toutefois, les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires impliquĂ©s dans la MIT et la MIH sont sans cesse redĂ©finis. Les facteurs molĂ©culaires essentiels impliquĂ©s dans la transduction du signal du MOR sont encore mĂ©connus, empĂȘchant le dĂ©veloppement de thĂ©rapies permettant d’amĂ©liorer l’efficacitĂ© analgĂ©sique des opioĂŻdes en Ă©vitant leurs effets secondaires. RĂ©cemment, notre Ă©quipe a dĂ©montrĂ© le rĂŽle de FLT3 dans le dĂ©veloppement et la maintenance des douleurs neuropathiques (NP) aprĂšs lĂ©sion nerveuse. Au vu des mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires communs entre NP et MIH, nous supposons que FLT3 exprimĂ© par les neurones du DRG module l’analgĂ©sie morphinique en interagissant avec MOR. Nous avons dĂ©couvert que MOR et FLT3 sont colocalisĂ©s au niveau du DRG et l’activation de FLT3 induit une MIT et une MIH au travers d’une interaction physique avec le MOR. Des approches in vitro ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© l’implication de voies signalĂ©tiques FLT3-dĂ©pendantes dans la rĂ©gulation de l’effet inhibiteur de la morphine sur des cellules HEK293T co-exprimant MOR et FLT3. La dĂ©lĂ©tion de FLT3 empĂȘche l’apparition de MIT, de MIH et de potentiation Ă  long terme au niveau spinal chez les murins sans altĂ©rer l’effet antinociceptif de la morphine. Le blocage extracellulaire de FLT3 par le BDT001 a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une potentiation de l’effet analgĂ©sique morphinique tandis que le test du CPP a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un blocage des effets rĂ©compensants de la morphine. Sur un modĂšle de douleur chronique inflammatoire (CFA), le BDT001 peut prĂ©venir la MIT et la MIH induits par le traitement chronique morphinique et est en mesure d’amĂ©liorer l’efficacitĂ© analgĂ©sique morphinique. Ensemble, ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent une fonction essentielle de l’activitĂ© de FLT3 dans la modulation de l’activation du MOR et de ses fonctions

    Morphine-induced tolerance and hyperalgesia : caracterization of MOR and FLT3 physiopathological interaction

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    Bien que les opioĂŻdes reprĂ©sentent la classe d’analgĂ©sique la plus efficace, les traitements de la douleur par les opioĂŻdes prĂ©sentent diffĂ©rents effets indĂ©sirables limitant leur efficacitĂ©. Le rĂ©cepteur opioĂŻde (MOR) exprimĂ© par les neurones des ganglions dorso-rachidiens (DRG) est impliquĂ© dans une partie de l’analgĂ©sie induite par la morphine ainsi que dans la tolĂ©rance (MIT) et l’hyperalgĂ©sie (MIH) induites par la morphine. Toutefois, les mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires impliquĂ©s dans la MIT et la MIH sont sans cesse redĂ©finis. Les facteurs molĂ©culaires essentiels impliquĂ©s dans la transduction du signal du MOR sont encore mĂ©connus, empĂȘchant le dĂ©veloppement de thĂ©rapies permettant d’amĂ©liorer l’efficacitĂ© analgĂ©sique des opioĂŻdes en Ă©vitant leurs effets secondaires. RĂ©cemment, notre Ă©quipe a dĂ©montrĂ© le rĂŽle de FLT3 dans le dĂ©veloppement et la maintenance des douleurs neuropathiques (NP) aprĂšs lĂ©sion nerveuse. Au vu des mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires communs entre NP et MIH, nous supposons que FLT3 exprimĂ© par les neurones du DRG module l’analgĂ©sie morphinique en interagissant avec MOR. Nous avons dĂ©couvert que MOR et FLT3 sont colocalisĂ©s au niveau du DRG et l’activation de FLT3 induit une MIT et une MIH au travers d’une interaction physique avec le MOR. Des approches in vitro ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© l’implication de voies signalĂ©tiques FLT3-dĂ©pendantes dans la rĂ©gulation de l’effet inhibiteur de la morphine sur des cellules HEK293T co-exprimant MOR et FLT3. La dĂ©lĂ©tion de FLT3 empĂȘche l’apparition de MIT, de MIH et de potentiation Ă  long terme au niveau spinal chez les murins sans altĂ©rer l’effet antinociceptif de la morphine. Le blocage extracellulaire de FLT3 par le BDT001 a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une potentiation de l’effet analgĂ©sique morphinique tandis que le test du CPP a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un blocage des effets rĂ©compensants de la morphine. Sur un modĂšle de douleur chronique inflammatoire (CFA), le BDT001 peut prĂ©venir la MIT et la MIH induits par le traitement chronique morphinique et est en mesure d’amĂ©liorer l’efficacitĂ© analgĂ©sique morphinique. Ensemble, ces rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent une fonction essentielle de l’activitĂ© de FLT3 dans la modulation de l’activation du MOR et de ses fonctions.Despite opioids are the most effective class of analgesics, opioid pain medications have detrimental side effects limiting their analgesic efficacy. Morphine Opioid Receptors (MOR) expressed in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons drive part of morphine analgesia and are involved in morphine-induced tolerance (MIT) and hyperalgesia (MIH). Although knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying MIT and MIH has gradually advanced, the essential molecular factors involved in opioid receptor signal transduction are still unknown, which has prevented the development of efficient therapies to maximize and sustain opioid analgesic efficacy. Our team has previously shown that the Fms-Like Tyrosine kinase 3 receptor (FLT3) in DRG sensory neurons is critical for the development and the maintenance of neuronal hyperexcitability after nerve injury-induced Neuropathic Pain (NP). Since NP shares common mechanisms with MIH, we hypothesize that peripheral neuronal FLT3 modulates morphine analgesia by interacting with peripheral MOR. We found that MOR and FLT3 are colocalized and FLT3 activation induces MIT and MIH through a physical interaction with MOR in DRG neurons. Therefore, in vitro approaches revealed an involvement of FLT3-dependent signaling pathways in the regulation of morphine analgesia in HEK293T cells co-expressing MOR and FLT3. Deletion of FLT3 reduced MIT, MIH and long-term potentiation without altering morphine antinociception. In fact, extracellular blockade of FLT3 with BDT001 potentiated morphine analgesia while CPP paradigm revealed a blockade of morphine reward effects. On a pain model of chronic inflammatory pain (CFA), BDT001 prevented MIT and MIH development with chronic morphine administration and improved morphine efficacy during treatment. Altogether, these data suggest a trigger function of FLT3 activity on MOR peripheral activation and functions

    L'emploi ou l'obsession du futur

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    162 p., cartes, tabl., graph.Le chÎmage, obsession depuis 1929, semblait avoir été un mal relativement jugulé durant les belles années de la croissance d'aprÚs-guerre. Mais la décennie 70, marquée par la crise de la croissance, a réveillé l'inquiétude face au développement du chÎmage. On considÚre alors que les 500 000 chÎmeurs constituent un seuil qu'on ne saurait dépasser sans grave crise économique et sociale... Et cependant ce seuil critique a largement été dépassé depuis, pour atteindre prÚs de 1,5 million de chÎmeurs en 1979 et devenir une obsession majeure aujourd'hui, obsession qui inspire de multiples discours, proposant tous des solutions aussi douteuses que variées. Les perspectives d'emploi étant éminement dépendantes du rythme de la croissance et de sa nature, les auteurs ont élaboré trois scénarios fondés respectivement sur l'hypothÚse - d'un nouveau libéralisme (la France du libre échange), - d'un retour à la croissance des années 60, dans un cadre de franche coopération européenne, - d'une croissance plus douce orientée vers la satisfaction des besoins sociaux (la France éco-conviviale). Ces scénarios ont pour seule ambition d'apporter un cadre d'analyse pour les indispensables réflexions prospectives qu'imposent les défis économiques et sociaux actuels

    AAV2/9-mediated silencing of PMP22 prevents the development of pathological features in a rat model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1 A

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    International audienceCharcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1 A (CMT1A) results from a duplication of the PMP22 gene in Schwann cells and a deficit of myelination in peripheral nerves. Patients with CMT1A have reduced nerve conduction velocity, muscle wasting, hand and foot deformations and foot drop walking. Here, we evaluate the safety and efficacy of recombinant adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9 (AAV2/9) expressing GFP and shRNAs targeting Pmp22 mRNA in animal models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 1 A. Intra-nerve delivery of AAV2/9 in the sciatic nerve allowed widespread transgene expression in resident myelinating Schwann cells in mice, rats and non-human primates. A bilateral treatment restore expression levels of PMP22 comparable to wild-type conditions, resulting in increased myelination and prevention of motor and sensory impairments over a twelve-months period in a rat model of CMT1A. We observed limited off-target transduction and immune response using the intra-nerve delivery route. A combination of previously characterized human skin biomarkers is able to discriminate between treated and untreated animals, indicating their potential use as part of outcome measures

    Inhibition of neuronal FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase alleviates peripheral neuropathic pain in mice

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    Sensitisation of dorsal root ganglia neurons contributes to neuropathic pain. Here the authors demonstrate the cytokine FL contributes to sensitisation of DRGs via its receptor FLT3 expressed on neurons, and identify a novel FLT3 inhibitor that attenuates neuropathic pain in mice
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