Méthodologie d'évaluation de projet de transport dans le cadre du développement durable

Face à différents projets de transport, tels des projets d'infrastructure routières ou ferroviaires, quel projet est le plus "durable" ? Nous proposons une méthode relativement simple et transparente d'évaluation de tels projets. Cela consiste d'abord à penser les enjeux de transports dans le cadre du développement durable, sous l'acception forte du concept, qui seule permet de prendre en compte sérieusement les enjeux environnementaux. Cela demande aussi d'articuler le local et le global, le court et le long terme, et donc de préciser les échelles géographiques et temporelles des projets et de leurs impacts. Dans un deuxième temps, nous déclinons ces grands principes en critères d'évaluation qui permettent d'opérationnaliser le concept de développement durable. Nous proposons 3 critères économiques, 4 critères sociaux et 11 critères environnementaux, ainsi qu'une méthode d'agrégation de ces critères intégrant les préférences sociales ou politiques des décideurs ou de leurs mandants. Un point souvent important quant aux projets de transport est la prospective de la mobilité et de trafic, dont nous analysons les principaux paramètres, permettant de proposer des scénarios probables, qui sont les données d'entrée des critères retenus ci-dessus. Nous présentons une application à des projets d'infrastructures dans la région lyonnaise.évaluation ; projet ; transport ; développement durable ; indicateur ; agrégation

Recherche à visée sociétale, un enjeu pour nous tous

National audienceNous examinons les caractéristiques des différents types de recherche - fondamentale, appliquée, recherche-développement, sociétale

Exhaust emissions of regulated and unregulated pollutants of passenger cars

Exhaust emissions of VOC speciation, aldehydes and other carbonyl compounds, polyaromatics and regulated pollutants are measured using a vehicle bench on a sample of passenger cars. 30 diesel and gasoline cars are tested, complying with ECE 1504 to Euro 3 emission standards, according to 10 real-world driving cycles based on European driving behaviour, with some of them adapted to vehicle size. The emission results of this large-scale measurement campaign show the influence of vehicle technology and driving behaviour on the emission of 100 individual pollutants. In addition, the results are discussed per VOC group and compared with other studies. The influence of the successive emission standards on the emission factors is very positive in most of cases. However, whereas hot CO2 is almost stable, diesel hot NOx, diesel hot and cold VOC, and the 6 most carcinogenic gasoline PAH have increased with standards. Diesel vehicles are less pollutant for CO, HC, CO2, VOC, but more pollutant for NOx and PAH. The distribution of VOC species per molecular family highlights the fact that monoaromatics make up the biggest share (~88 and 62 % resp. for gasoline and diesel vehicles). The second family is the alkanes which contribute resp. 8 and 9% of the total mass of measured VOC. The majority of volatile PAH is observed in the gaseous phase, but the least volatile and the carcinogenic PAH are adsorbed more in particulate phase

Emission factor modelling for light vehicles within the European Artemis model

International audienceThe emission models for atmospheric pollutants have been updated and strongly improved for the road light vehicles. This development is based on a wide and specific measurement campaign, with more than 150 vehicles and about 3500 tests for a large number of pollutants. The results of these measurements are included in a database especially designed, available and open to future European measurements data. The Artemis model for light vehicles contains a set of complementary sub-models. The base model calculates the hot emissions for each vehicle category according to the driving behaviour. It contains 5 alternative models: The main model considers traffic situations (discrete model), with emission factors for each of them; A simplified model, built on the same data, takes into account the driving behaviour through the average speed (continuous model); A continuous model, so-called kinematic, considers a limited number of aggregated kinematic parameters; 2 instantaneous models consider some instantaneous parameters as instantaneous speed. These models are associated to models taking into account the influence of several parameters, as cold start, using of auxiliaries like air conditioning, vehicle mileage, ambient air temperature and humidity, road slope and vehicle load

Emission factor modelling and database for light vehicles - Artemis deliverable 3

In the frame of the Artemis project, the emission models for atmospheric pollutants have been updated and strongly improved for the road light vehicles. This development is based on a wide and specific measurement campaign, with more than 150 vehicles and about 3500 tests for a large number of pollutants, regulated and non regulated ones. The results of these measurements carried out by several European laboratories are included in a database especially designed, the Artemis LVEM database, available and open to future European measurements data. The Artemis model for light vehicles contains a set of complementary sub-models. The base model calculates the hot emissions for each vehicle category according to the driving behaviour. It contains 5 alternative models: The main model considers traffic situations (discrete model), with emission factors for each of them; A simplified model, built on the same data, takes into account the driving behaviour through the average speed (continuous model); A continuous model, socalled kinematic, considers a limited number of aggregated kinematic parameters; 2 instantaneous models consider some instantaneous parameters as instantaneous speed. These models need input kinematic data of variable complexity and are therefore adapted to different usages, for assessing national emissions, as far as for calculating the impact of a local traffic control. They are associated to models taking into account the influence of several parameters, as cold start, using of auxiliaries like air conditioning, vehicle mileage, ambient air temperature and humidity, road slope and vehicle load, as far as evaporation. The building methods of all these models and the data or models they are based on are presented, as far as the models themselves

Emission factor modelling and database for light vehicles - Artemis deliverable 3

In the frame of the Artemis project, the emission models for atmospheric pollutants have been updated and strongly improved for the road light vehicles. This development is based on a wide and specific measurement campaign, with more than 150 vehicles and about 3500 tests for a large number of pollutants, regulated and non regulated ones. The results of these measurements carried out by several European laboratories are included in a database especially designed, the Artemis LVEM database, available and open to future European measurements data. The Artemis model for light vehicles contains a set of complementary sub-models. The base model calculates the hot emissions for each vehicle category according to the driving behaviour. It contains 5 alternative models: The main model considers traffic situations (discrete model), with emission factors for each of them; A simplified model, built on the same data, takes into account the driving behaviour through the average speed (continuous model); A continuous model, socalled kinematic, considers a limited number of aggregated kinematic parameters; 2 instantaneous models consider some instantaneous parameters as instantaneous speed. These models need input kinematic data of variable complexity and are therefore adapted to different usages, for assessing national emissions, as far as for calculating the impact of a local traffic control. They are associated to models taking into account the influence of several parameters, as cold start, using of auxiliaries like air conditioning, vehicle mileage, ambient air temperature and humidity, road slope and vehicle load, as far as evaporation. The building methods of all these models and the data or models they are based on are presented, as far as the models themselves

Emission factor modelling for light vehicles within the European Artemis model

International audienceThe emission models for atmospheric pollutants have been updated and strongly improved for the road light vehicles. This development is based on a wide and specific measurement campaign, with more than 150 vehicles and about 3500 tests for a large number of pollutants. The results of these measurements are included in a database especially designed, available and open to future European measurements data. The Artemis model for light vehicles contains a set of complementary sub-models. The base model calculates the hot emissions for each vehicle category according to the driving behaviour. It contains 5 alternative models: The main model considers traffic situations (discrete model), with emission factors for each of them; A simplified model, built on the same data, takes into account the driving behaviour through the average speed (continuous model); A continuous model, so-called kinematic, considers a limited number of aggregated kinematic parameters; 2 instantaneous models consider some instantaneous parameters as instantaneous speed. These models are associated to models taking into account the influence of several parameters, as cold start, using of auxiliaries like air conditioning, vehicle mileage, ambient air temperature and humidity, road slope and vehicle load