The Impact of Psychological Testing on the Patients Suffering from Stomatopyrosis

Stomatopyrosis is commonly associated with stressful situations, which implies the importance of psychological conditions of the patients with this symptom. Patients suffering from burning mouth syndrome suffered from some psychical disturbances as well. The fact that depression and anxiety are closely connected with stomatopyrosis has been scientifically confirmed. The data which systematically led to this conclusion suggest the possibility of the existence of a psychogenic disturbance as an aetiological factor which leads to stomatopyrosis. Research which might be conducted in order to relate psychogenic disturbances with stomatopyrosis by means of various drugs and procedures, might provide an insight into the relatedness of these factors, which would enable us to treat the cause and not the consequence.This research has been directed towards establishing this »relatedness« by means of psychopharmatics and psychotherapy, and has been confirmed by means of psychological depression and anxiety tests. The research has been conducted on 120 respondents suffering from stomatopyrosis, who were also, as previously diagnosed, suffering from a psychical disturbance. The respondents were divided into 4 groups. Each group contained 30 respondents suffering from stomatopyrosis as the basic symptom, but with different psychogenic disturbances. These groups were: 1) antidepressants, 2) anxiolytics, 3) autogenic training and 4) control group. A detailed clinical and psychiatric check-up was conducted before the treatment started, and was repeated several times in different intervals: after a month, after two months and after four months. Respondents are still undergoing a therapy. Subjective assessment of the intensity of the burning sensation was obtained according to Visual analogue scale and two psychological questionnaires (depression test and anxiety test). Conclusion is: 1) Antidepressants and anxiolytic drugs have a prominent role in the treatment of stomatopyrosis. Psychological tests conducted after a four-month period have shown improvement – there was a decrease in anxiety – 7.5%–8.8%, while depression has in some of the tested groups completely disappeared. At the same time, subjective evaluation of the intensity of the symptom has, according to VAS, showed a fall from 6.93–7.8 cm to 2.13–3.0 cm. At the beginning of the treatment, symptoms were described as »pretty often« with 36.7%–76.7% respondents, and as »permanent« with 23.3%–63.3% respondents. At the end of the treatment, the most frequent description regarding the frequency of the symptoms was »very rarely«. 2) Autogenic training – psychotherapeutic anxiolytic technique – is the therapy of choice as far as stomatopyrosis is concerned, as it both eliminates the problems and emotionally rehabilitates the patient. 3) As far as the therapeutic progress is concerned, it can be taken as the »progress« of the time when the symptoms appear: during the treatment, the frequency and the duration of the symptoms have been shortened at night, while their occurrence during the day has been reported as relatively more frequent

LICHEN RUBER PLANUS AS A PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEM

Our mouth is the mirror of our health and it might be said that numerous diseases which affect our organism may be manifested in the mouth. Early symptoms occurring within the oral cavity may emerge with diseases related to our blood system, gastrointestinal system, renal system, cardiovascular system, and mental system. They are manifested as a hyperkeratosis, which may have an erithematous background. What we talk about here is lichen ruber planus. Lichen ruber planus is a common chronic immunological inflammatory disease of mucosa and skin, whose manifestations vary from karatolytic to eritematous and ulcerating lesions. The most frequent psychogenic diseases which may lead to the emerging of lichen planus are depression, anxiety and stress. Depression is a condition of decreased psychophysical activity predominated by sadness, apathy and slowed-down pessimistic thinking. Anxiety is a complex feeling comprising anxiety, fear, tension and insecurity, and is accompanied by the activation of autonomic nervous system. Stress is a reaction to trauma, and it enhances survival

Comorbidity of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis and Polyps Ventriculi

As it is known, many diseases of gastric system cause changes in the oral cavity, with either pathological findings or subjective impressions. When these changes are of pathological nature, the most common finding is recurrent aphthous stomatitis on the tongue, which emerges as a consequence of gastric diseases. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a disorder characterised by recurrent ulcerations limited to the oral mucosa, without any other signs of diseases. According to their clinical form, they may be big, small and hyperform. Etiology of recurrent aphthae is genetic predisposition, systemic diseases (virus, certain vitamin deficiency, gastric disorders), and autoimmune disorder and psychogenesis. The symptoms include a prodromal burning sensation and ulceration emerging within 24-48 hours as round symmetrical lesions inflicting the entire oral cavity except for palate and gingiva. Polyps ventriculi are tumours on the gastric mucosa. They can lie on a broad background or hang on the stem, and may be both individual and clustered at the same time. They are more common with elderly male population. They may have a malignant alteration. According to WHO, they have been classified as hyperplastic and neoplastic polyps. Etiology of polyps is atrophic gastritis or H. Pylori

Salivation Quantum – Stomatopyrosis – Autogenic Training

Stomatopyrosis of \u27burning mouth\u27 syndrome, in a narrower sense of definition, is a condition characterized by sensation of burning and heating in mouth, despite its normal mucosa. This research has been directed towards treatment of stomatopyrosis, putting emphasis on the implementation of psychopharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. The research was conducted on altogether 120 respondents suffering from stomatopyrosis. The respondents were divided into two equal groups: each one comprising 60 members. All the respondents were treated by means of a standard topical therapy. All the patients were assessed clinically and by means of psychological tests measuring depression and anxiety four times: once before the treatment, after one month, after two months and after four months since the beginning of the treatment. The acquired data were afterwards statistically processed. When grading the symptoms on VAS, i.e. visual analogous scale, the subjective assessment of symptoms was marked as 7–8 cm, which shows a high degree of burning sensation. According to our study, the quantity of saliva, which was at the beginning of the research slightly decreased, normalized after the treatment. Apart from the clinical investigation of stomatopyrosis, we applied Depression and Anxiety questionnaires. On the basis of our research, we have concluded the following: the comorbidity of stomatopyrosis with the phenomena of anxiety and depression proves that, among other factors, there is a psychogenic aetiology of this disease. Autogenic training, which is a psychotherapeutic anxiolytic technique, is a therapy of choice for stomatopyrosis, which contributes not only to the elimination of oral complaints, but to the emotional rehabilitation of the patients as well, and to the reduction of dryness in the mouth

Psychogenic Factors in the Etiology of Stomatopyrosis

Stomatopiroza je stanje koje karakterizira osjećaj pečenja, žarenja i boli u ustima kod normalne oralne sluznice. Različiti etiološki čimbenici utječu na nastanak stomatopiroze. To su: sustavni, lokalni i psihogeni. U našem istraživanju dali smo veliku pozornost psihogenim čimbenicima kao uzroku nastanka stomatopiroze. Naše ispitivanje provedeno je na uzorku od 20 ispitanika sa simptomom stomatopiroze, bez kliničkog patološkog nalaza. Kod kontrolne skupine nalazimo istu životnu dob ali bez simptoma stomatopiroze i bez kliničkog oralnog nalaza. Testiranje je provedeno upitnikom općih podataka, upotrebom vizualne analogne ljestvice po Reed Petersonu, termoeste- ziometrijom te psihoupitnicima. Psihoupitnici su bili: test depresivno- sti, adaptabilnosti, anksioznosti i test emocionalne stabilnosti. Rezultati su pokazali da nastanak stomatopiroze nalazimo u osoba starije životne dobi, uglavnom ženskoga spola. Lokacija simptoma najviše je zastupljena na usnama 70%, a zatim vrh jezika 20%. Opis simptoma nam govori da je više simptoma zastupljeno istodobno. U većini ispitanici smatraju intenzitet simptoma nepodnošljivim 50%, a srednje podnošljivim 20%. Upitnicima je dokazano da u ispitanika sa stomatopirozom postoji depresija kod svih ispitanika od toga jaka u 70%, i jako prisutna anksioznost u 80%. U 60% ispitanika postoji slaba adaptabilnost, a emocionalna nestabilnost je u 70%. Ovaj nalaz upućuje da psihogeni čimbenik ima značajnu ulogu u etiologiji stomatopiroze.Stomatopyrosis is a condition characterised by a burning sensation and pain in the mouth with normal oral mucous membrane. Several etiologic factors influence the occurrence of stomatopyrosis: systemic, local and psychogenic. In our investigation we paid particular attention to psychogenic factors in the occurrence of stomatopyrosis. Our study was carried out on a sample of 20 subjects with a symptom of stomatopyrosis and without a clinical pathological finding. The control group were of the same age, without symptoms of stomatopyrosis and with no clinical oral finding. The test was carried out by a questionnaire on general data, use of a visual analogous scale according to Reed Peterson, a thermoesthesiometer and psycho-questionnaires. The psycho-questionnaires were: depression test, adaptability test, anxiety test and emotional stability test. The results showed the occurrence of stomatopyrosis in older subjects, primarily female. The location of the symptom was mainly on the lips in 70% and on the tip of the tongue in 20%. Description of symptoms indicate that more symptoms can occur simultaneously. The majority of subjects considered the intensity of symptoms unbearable (50%), and 20% moderately bearable. The questionnaires show that depression was present in all subjects with a symptom of stomatopyrosis, in 70% severe depression, and in 80% anxiety was also severe. Poor adaptability was found in 60% of subjects and emotional instability in 70%. The study indicates that the psychogenic factor has a significant role in the etiology of stomatopyrosis

Suggested Parameters in the Assessment of Stomatopyrosis

Stomatopiroza je stanje koje karakterizira osjećaj pečenja u usnoj šupljini. Postoje različiti etiološki čimbenici u nastajanju stomatopiroze: lokalni, sustavski i psihogeni. Kako se ne može dobiti ispravan i detaljan dijagnostički postupak, napravljen je upitnik s pomoću kojeg je moguće obuhvatiti sve očekivane karakteristike toga subjektivnog simptoma. Ispitivanje je provedeno na 60 ispitanika, od toga je 30 ispitanika sa stomatopirozom, a 30 je u kontrolnoj skupini, kod kojih nema stomatopiroze. Obje skupine, ispitna i kontrolna, imaju istu životnu dob. Prema spolu u objema skupinama podjednako prevladava ženska populacija. Testiranje je provedeno s pomoću upitnika koji u sebi, osim općih podataka o ispitaniku sadrži prijedloge o subjektivnoj i objektivnoj procjeni simptoma stomatopiroze. U subjektivnu procjenu simptoma ulaze: lokalizacija simptoma, opis simptoma, intenzitet simptoma, čestoća simptoma, vrijeme pojave simptoma, čimbenici koji pojačavaju simptome i promjena okusa. Procjena simptoma po kojoj se pokušao objektivizirati subjektivni simptom pečenja ustanovljena je termoesteziometrijskim mjerenjem, vizualnom analognom skalom (VASskala). Rezultati pokazuju postojanje stomatopiroze u ispitanika starije životne dobi, uglavnom ženskoga spola. Lokalizacija simptoma najčešća je na usnama. Opis simptoma pokazuje najveću zastupljenost pečenja u cijeloj usnoj šupljini. Intenzitet simptoma je nepodnošljiv, a čestoća simptoma je trajna. Vrijeme pojavljivanja simptoma je danju, a čimbenici koji pojačavaju simptome su napetost i postojanje zubnih proteza. Okusna osjetljivost je promijenjena. Vizualna analogna skala pokazuje se korisnom u objektiviziranju subjektivne procjene intenziteta simtoma, a termoesteziometrijsko mjerenje nije pokazalo upalnih promjena u usnoj šupljini. Iz priloženih rezultata može se zaključiti da predloženi upitnik može pridonijeti boljem dijagnostičkom postupku u procjeni subjektivnog simptoma stomatopiroze.Stomatopyrosis is a state characterized by a burning sensation in the oral cavity. Various etiological factors contribute to the occurrence of stomatopyrosis. They may be local, systemic and psychogenic. As it was not feasible to gain any accurate and detailed diagnostic and therapeutic effect, and due to the differences in the definition of stomatopyrosis as a disease, we designed a questionnaire which can help to solve the problem. Our research was conducted on 60 subjects, 30 suffering from stomatopyrosis and 30 in a control group, with no clinical pathological oral finding. Members of both groups were persons of the same age. With regard to sex, both groups included a female population. The testing was conducted by means of a questionnaire, which, apart from general data on the subjects, included subjective and objective assessments of the symptoms present in the oral cavity. General data required referred to the subjects age, sex and occupation. Objective assessment comprised localization of symptoms, their description, intensity of symptoms, their frequency, the time of their occurrence, factors intensifying symptoms, change in taste, etc. Subjective assessment was conducted by means of thermoestesiometric measurement and visual analogue scale (VAS-scale). The findings showed that stomatopyrosis occurs in older subjects, primarily female. The localization of symptoms was confined mostly to lips. Description of the symptoms showed that the burning sensation was the most frequent symptom occurring within the oral cavity. The intensity of the symptoms in the mouth cavity was reported to be unbearable and as far as the frequency of the symptoms is concerned, it was said to be of a continuous nature. The symptoms occur in the daytime, and factors contributing to intensification of the symptoms are anxiety and dentures. The subjects taste was also reported to be changed. Visual analogue scale showed a high subjective assessment of the intensity of the symptoms, while thermoestesiometry did not reveal any inflammatory changes in the oral cavity. These findings suggest that our questionnaire can contribute to better diagnostic and therapeutic effects and help to establish an accurate definition of stomatopyrosis and its occurrence

Psychogenic Factors in the Etiology of Stomatopyrosis

Stomatopiroza je stanje koje karakterizira osjećaj pečenja, žarenja i boli u ustima kod normalne oralne sluznice. Različiti etiološki čimbenici utječu na nastanak stomatopiroze. To su: sustavni, lokalni i psihogeni. U našem istraživanju dali smo veliku pozornost psihogenim čimbenicima kao uzroku nastanka stomatopiroze. Naše ispitivanje provedeno je na uzorku od 20 ispitanika sa simptomom stomatopiroze, bez kliničkog patološkog nalaza. Kod kontrolne skupine nalazimo istu životnu dob ali bez simptoma stomatopiroze i bez kliničkog oralnog nalaza. Testiranje je provedeno upitnikom općih podataka, upotrebom vizualne analogne ljestvice po Reed Petersonu, termoeste- ziometrijom te psihoupitnicima. Psihoupitnici su bili: test depresivno- sti, adaptabilnosti, anksioznosti i test emocionalne stabilnosti. Rezultati su pokazali da nastanak stomatopiroze nalazimo u osoba starije životne dobi, uglavnom ženskoga spola. Lokacija simptoma najviše je zastupljena na usnama 70%, a zatim vrh jezika 20%. Opis simptoma nam govori da je više simptoma zastupljeno istodobno. U većini ispitanici smatraju intenzitet simptoma nepodnošljivim 50%, a srednje podnošljivim 20%. Upitnicima je dokazano da u ispitanika sa stomatopirozom postoji depresija kod svih ispitanika od toga jaka u 70%, i jako prisutna anksioznost u 80%. U 60% ispitanika postoji slaba adaptabilnost, a emocionalna nestabilnost je u 70%. Ovaj nalaz upućuje da psihogeni čimbenik ima značajnu ulogu u etiologiji stomatopiroze.Stomatopyrosis is a condition characterised by a burning sensation and pain in the mouth with normal oral mucous membrane. Several etiologic factors influence the occurrence of stomatopyrosis: systemic, local and psychogenic. In our investigation we paid particular attention to psychogenic factors in the occurrence of stomatopyrosis. Our study was carried out on a sample of 20 subjects with a symptom of stomatopyrosis and without a clinical pathological finding. The control group were of the same age, without symptoms of stomatopyrosis and with no clinical oral finding. The test was carried out by a questionnaire on general data, use of a visual analogous scale according to Reed Peterson, a thermoesthesiometer and psycho-questionnaires. The psycho-questionnaires were: depression test, adaptability test, anxiety test and emotional stability test. The results showed the occurrence of stomatopyrosis in older subjects, primarily female. The location of the symptom was mainly on the lips in 70% and on the tip of the tongue in 20%. Description of symptoms indicate that more symptoms can occur simultaneously. The majority of subjects considered the intensity of symptoms unbearable (50%), and 20% moderately bearable. The questionnaires show that depression was present in all subjects with a symptom of stomatopyrosis, in 70% severe depression, and in 80% anxiety was also severe. Poor adaptability was found in 60% of subjects and emotional instability in 70%. The study indicates that the psychogenic factor has a significant role in the etiology of stomatopyrosis